Hemispheric Specialization: Effects of Drugs on the Brain

hemispheric Specialization Effects of Drugs on the BrainNANA KOFI BONSU AKUFFOLANCASTER UNIVERSITYINTRODUCTIONThe human organic structure is divided into many parts c aloneed organs. all in all of the parts ar learnled by an organ called the mastermind, which is located in the head. The brain weighs astir(predicate) 2.75 pounds. The brain is make up of many cells, and I the centre of the body. The brain sends messages to all the early(a) parts of the body (The Human Brain. 123HelpMe.com. 19 Feb 2015).The human brain is operaten to be in a spherical form. A cerebral hemisphere is half of a sphere, so this means, the brain divided into two parts or hemispheres. there is the a up make up and the left(p). These hemispheres appear to be identical, scarce closer examination reveals that they atomic number 18 highly specialized regions that serve different functions.The left hemisphere enables our competency to express ourselves in linguistic process. In over 95% of right-h and(prenominal) pile the left hemisphere is dominant for idiom. The figure is well-nighwhat lower for left handers, approximately 70%, but still highly signifi burnt. The left hemisphere is better than the right at recognizing sequences of words and letters. It controls our logic, our reasoning, and our analytical thought processes. It can focus on details, however it has difficulty comprehending the whole picture.The perceptual functions of the right hemisphere are to a greater extent specialized for the analysis of space and geometrical shapes and forms, elements that are all present at the same time (not so sequential like expression). The right hemisphere is the creative half, it can see the whole out of parts, that is allowing us to connect puzzle parts together. The right hemisphere also plays an important role in the comprehension of emotion.However, the control of medicine intake from childhood stages to late adulthood increases gradually in life. Even for medical pur ports, the intake of drugs may not just athletic supporter a patient recover but can also pay other negative side effects that later on in life reveal themselves. Drugs affect brain pathways involving reward, that is, the dopamine system in the reward pathway. Within seconds to minutes of entering the human body, drugs cause spectacular changes to synapses in the brain.LITERATURE REVIEWHemispheric specialization refers to the study of cognitive functions, dividing them up by the hemisphere of the brain responsible for them (www.ask.com/ science/define-hemispheric-specialization). cognitive function refers to a persons ability to process thoughts. acquaintance earlier refers to things like memory, the ability to learn new information, speech, and reading comprehension. In most healthy exclusives thebrainis capable of learning new skills in each of these areas, especially in early childhood, and of developing personal and individual thoughts about the world.The brain has two halv es orhemispheres. The two sides look like mirror images. This is calledbilateral symmetry. The wordbilateralmeans two-sided, while symmetrymeans the two sides look the same. So bilateral symmetry refers to the feature that the brain consists of two halves that are nearly mirror images of each other. most function locations vary depending on the dominant hand of the patient. In world-wide terms, literary functions are focused in the left hemisphere, particularly in right-handed people, while creative and figurative functions center in the right hemisphere.Also well-known(a) is that the brain iscross-wired, with theleft hemisphere controlling movement on theright side of the body, and theright hemispherecontrolling theleft side of the body. Most, but not all, of the different structures, lobes and organs of the brain drive a left and right hemisphere element, andcommunication between the hemispheresis achieved by means of a thick bundle of nerve tissues known as thecorpus callosu m, which effectively makes a full brain out of two half-brains. lateralisation AND LANGUAGE PROCESSINGIt was the French physiologistPaul Brocain the 1860s (as well as his less well-known countryman and near contemporary,Marc Dax, almost 30 years earlier) who noted that, at least in general terms, a persons dominance tends to indicate aspecialized hemisphere on the brains opposite side, so that a right-handed person probably has a left-hemispherelanguage specialization, andvice versa. Indeed, for almost a century, until theWada test(a technique involving the anaesthetizing of 1ness side of the brain using a drug such(prenominal) as sodium amytal or sodium amobarbital) was introduced in the 1960s, a persons handedness was just about the only clue an operatingneurosurgeonhad about which hemisphere of a patients brain was probably the bingle specialized for language.Following Brocas findings, it was initially assumed thathandedness and the hemispheric dominance of speech processing were inextricably and intimately connected. However, it soon became apparent, even to Broca, thatexceptions and mismatches existed, and that perhaps the intimacy wasnot as fixedas he had initially thought. Although the incidence of right-hemisphere language dominancedoesincrease more or less linearly with the degree of butterfingeredness, it turns out to be not sort of as simple as that.In fact, after the control of springer Deutsch, Damasio Damasio, and others in the 1990s, we now know that, although about 95% of right-handersdo shitleft-hemisphere dominance for language functions, only close to19% of left-handershave right-hemisphere language dominance, with another20%or so processing language functions inboth hemispheres(the incidence of language distribution inambidextrous peopleis broadly similar to that found in left-handed people). Other studies report percentages for left-handers of 70%, 15% and 15% (rather than 61%, 19% and 20%), but the finding all suggest that, pe rhaps unexpectedly, some60% 70% of left-handers process language in the left hemisphere, just like right-handers. Indeed, around 93% of all people have left hemisphere language dominance (http//www.rightleftrightwrong.com/brain.html).One half-brain is not logical and the other intuitive, nor is one more analytical and the other more creative. Both halves play important roles in logical and intuitive thinking, in analytical and creative thinking, and so forth. All of the popular distinctions involve complex functions, which are accomplished by threefold processes, some of which may operate better in the left hemisphere and some of which may operate better in the right hemisphere, but the overall functions cannot be said to be entirely the province of one or the other hemisphere.And far from having separate lives, the two halves work together. They are not isolated systems that compete or engage in some kind of cerebral tug-of-war one is not an undisciplined child, the other a spoil sport that throws schoolyard tantrums. Rather, as we have stressed, the brain is a single, marvelously complicated, and late integrated system. Like those of a well-maintained bicycle, the parts of the brain do have different functions but, like the parts of a bike, they are designed to work together.Finally, as we discussed earlier, there is solid evidence that none of us relies primarily on one or the other hemisphere. We all use all of our brains none of us are truly left-brained or right-brained.DRUG dependanceA drug is, in broadcast terms, a chemical nitty-gritty that has biological effects on human beings and animals. Inpharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being.Pharmaceutical drugsmay be used for a exceptional duration, or on a regular basis forchronic disorders. recreational drugsare chemical substances that affect thecentral nervous system, such asopioidsorhallucinogens. Alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine are the most widely consumed psychotropic drugs worldwide.They may be used for effects onperception,consciousness,personality, andbehavior. Many recreational drugs are also medicinal.Some drugs can causeaddictionand habituationand all drugs haveside effects. Many drugs are illegal for recreational purposes and international treaties such as the single convention on narcotic drugsexist for the purpose of legally prohibiting certain substances (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug).