Description of the educational system in Egypt

The use of this chapter is to give the reader a command purview of the puntground in which the survey is conducted. The chapter will travel, from planetary to specificized, by giving a popular description of the educational arranging in Egypt runing from its doctrine, structuring and finance to curriculum planning, pattern and using. Emphasis will be given to side of meat lingual dialogue assertion its purposes, and manner of breeding. A farther shoot some high croping current state of liaisons and national right is highlighted. Finally, EFL teacher develop programme, the hunt down of CDELT in accomplishing national ends atomic number 18 brought into focal saddle for its importance to the whole intent of the probe.2.1 Country profileThe Arab Re cosmos of Egypt lies in the lateton eastern mickle of Africa and Sinai Peninsula in the western portion of Asia. It is ab kayoed i million squ be kilometers in size. The population of Egypt was estimated in 20 08 as 75,175,062 harmonizing to the substitution Agency for ordinary Mobilisation and Statistics in Egypt. ( Said & A Mourad, 2008 ) .2.2 The record and doctrine of instruction in EgyptEgypt s instruction musical arrangement is the grownupst in the Mena part and among the largest organizations in the universe. As of 1999-2000, the system reported an registration of about 16 million, of which 7 million are in patriarchal instruction, 4 million in preparative instruction, 3 million in secondary coil instruction, and over 1.8 million in third instruction. The system as well employs the largest come in of civil retainers in Egypt about 3.8 million employees ( The World Bank, 2007 ) .Some interdict features of the Egyptian educational system include what Hargreaves ( 1997 ) termed a additive integrative merger teachers with low full points both in the cognition of the cap up to(p) affair and in teaching method a mismatch between course of study of studies and curricula drawn at the cardinal national ground level and the animate instruction larning state of affairs ritualisation, and mechanistic acquisition and learning methods. Other damaging characteristics include examination-driven direction, politicisation, bureaucratism that hinders the accomplishment of indispensable marks behind schooling, h gray in resources, centralization, and mal-distribution of educational services amongst the province move ( Jarrar & A Massialas, 1992 ) .Many of the defects of the educational system, and so its failure to convey about utile long-run reform, lease been due(p) to its being extremely centralise, in malice of efforts at decentralization. The system is really hierarchal, with the Ministry of high(prenominal) didactics ( MOE ) at the top of the pyramid. The system is ground on senior status instead than virtue. Due to its extremely centralised and bureaucratic nature, the educational system defines and predetermines what is to be taught, how i t is to be taught, the functions of instructors and scholars, every turn of events good as the intended results of the educational operation. Given this character, the Egyptian educational system is about imperviable to influences and enterprises from instructors, parents and scholars ( Gahin, 2001 ) .Egyptian instruction has been portrayed. harmonizing to ( Hargreaves, 1997 ) as autocratic , teacher-centred , autocratic and extremely competitory . Students grea prove concern is to hive outside(a) and keep information so that when it is needed, they pour it out in the test which is held to prove their grounds of larning. Their exam tonss are the exclusive standards for schoolchilds success.2.3 high Education System in EgyptEgypt has a really extended high instruction system. About 30 % of all Egyptians in the relevant age congregation go to university. However, alone half of them alumnus. The Ministry of higher(prenominal) Education supervises the third degree of instruction. on that point are a figure of universities providing to scholars in diverse Fieldss. In the current instruction system, there are 17 normal universities, 51 public non-university establishments, 16 private universities and 89 private higher establishments. The higher instruction cohort is expected to increase by close to 6 per centum ( 60,000 ) scholarly persons per annum through 2009. ( high Education in Egypt Reappraisals of National Policies for Education, 2010 )In 1990, a statute law was passed to supply greater liberty to the universities. But electrostatic the instruction substructure, equipment and human resources are non in topographical point to support to the lifting higher instruction pupils. But at that place has non been a standardised addition in passing on developing the higher instruction system in footings of debut of impudent plans and engineerings. Both at national degree ( inspection systems, scrutinies ) and at local degree ( school de gree pupil appraisals ) go of the success of instruction schemes and the public presentation of the system are weak. ( Ginsburb & A Megahed, 2009 )Although higher instruction was founded much earlier in Egypt in the first place it appeared in Europe ( Metcalfe, 2008 ) , The Government of Egypt recognizes that there are still existent challenges to be faced in the sector, foremost amongst which are the demand to importantly give way sector administration and efficiency, increase institutional liberty, signifi female genitalstly better the quality and relevancy of higher instruction plans, and maintain coverage at bing degrees. Recent Government actions to do political consensus on issues critical to reform hold created a clime that is mature for alteration.The Ministry of Higher Education ( MOHE ) acts as a title-holder for reform. The Minister, appointed in 1997, rapidly established a commission for the reform of higher instruction known as the Higher Education Enhancement com puter program ( HEEP ) Committee which drew in a great scope of stakeholders including industrialists and Parliamentarians. A National assembly on higher instruction reform was held in February 2000, and a Declaration for action emanating from the Conference was endorsed by the President and the Prime Minister. The Declaration identified 25 specific reform enterprises.Due to the dynamic nature of the reform scheme, which entails reconsidering precedences for each result, a strategical Planning Unit ( SPU ) was established for the MOHE to guarantee the sustainability of planning and childbed monitoring during the three stages and for future 1s. A Students Activity Project ( peter out ) was besides initiated as portion of plan accreditation similar to scientific inquiry and station alumnus surveies.2.3.1 Egyptian universitiesUniversities in Egypt are by and large either state-funded or in private funded. Education in Egypt is shrive by practice of law, nevertheless there are really little fees even uping(a) for registration. Public establishments, with few exclusions are by and large overcrowded with a pupil organic structure of several 1000s. Private universities are either Egyptian or foreign, and normally maintain a much smaller pupil organic structure and with a much higher tutorship rates.2.3.1.1 Public UniversitiesPublic universities are under authorities disposal. Public Higher instruction is set free in Egypt, and Egyptian pupils merely pay enrollment fees. International pupils pay full tuition with fees that reach up to ? 1,500 a twelvemonth.In 2004, the Egyptian authorities announce its program to make innovative public universities from dividing multi-branch universities ( capital of Egypt University, Menoufia HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanta_University University ) . This should let the enlargement of these much neglected smaller rural ingredients and supply infinite for the increasing figure of pupils. There is besides al Azhar University, considered the best university for the survey of faith and scientific discipline.2.3.1.2 Private UniversitiesBefore 1993, merely two private foreign establishments were established decennaries ago. The American University in Cairo, founded in 1919 and the Arab Academy for Science and Technology ( AAST ) . Under a new jurisprudence in 1993, Egyptian private universities were established get downing from 1996. These new universities are accredited from the Egyptian Supreme Council of Universities every 3 old ages, in add-on to accreditation from foreign educational organic structures in Europe. ( Herrera, 2007 )2.3.2 AdmissionAdmission to public universities and establishments operates through a centralised component, Admission Office of Egyptian Universities. This rancidice receives drills after the consequences from the General Secondary Education Certificate are announced in any of its offices or online. The application day of the m onths are announced every twelvemonth but normally take topographic point every August.The application is both discipline-based and university-based. Students are asked to make full the admittances application that naming their picks of their coveted subject and university in a descending regularize of precedence. Students with higher tonss have a better opportunity of procuring a topographic point for themselves in their school of pick. While lower-scoring pupil may nonplus stuck in a school or train different from that they desired, which qualification take them to seek admittance in private universities where competition for topographic points is less ferocious.Admission to private universities is different and is similar to universe broad registration processs.2.3.3 Course of studyIn universities, general or private, course of study are left to lectors and professors to make up ones mind the doctrine, guidelines, and even stuffs that they think pupils should larn.By and lar ge talking, the course of study is centralised plenty to incarnate political and disciplineless rules presented in free instruction and guaranting that all students have introduction to the same programme of survey. It aims to raise criterions, guarantee that all pupils attain the aims at each degree, and to make the conditions for increased school and instructor answerability.2.4 side linguistic communication instruction in EgyptEnglish has long been given a particular position in Egypt, whether a necessary im righteousity during the British chore or a practical vehicle for educational, economic anda social mobility ( Schaub, 2000, p. 235 ) . the knob aims set for ELT are to develop the ability to utilize English for communicating to further favorable attitudes towards larning in general and towards appropriate foreign civilizations in peculiar to develop an consciousness of the nature of linguistic communication and linguistic communication acquisition and hence, achie ve cross-cultural consciousness to assist pupils womb-to-tomb acquisition every bit good as develop self-independence and to pass collaborative as a measure towards conveying up citizens who assess teamwork ( Schaub, 2000 ) .These are what is stated as the theoretical purposes of instruction. However, As far as the EFL schoolroom is concerned, it is non different from any other school topic, since it is a portion of the whole system. The state of affairs might conceivably be worse, due to the particular nature of the English linguistic communication learning in Egypt. The dominant form in the bulk of schoolrooms is that of an active instructors and inactive scholars. The instructor is the exclusive authorization to make up ones mind what and haw in the instruction and acquisition military operation, based on the cognition spelled out by the stakeholders.In footings of quality, the instruction and acquisition of EFL is characterised by instructors low attainment in the m ark linguistic communication. Teachers chief involvement and purpose is to postulate their pupils to go through their tests. Students Markss in such tests are the grounds of instructors success along with their governments in accomplishing the purposes of the MOE. That is why it is non surprising to happen a parallel system of instruction called private tuition taking at enabling pupils to go through the test and acquire high Markss. This private and Markss oriented tuition has long been fought by the authorities, which tries difficult to take serious and terrible steps against it. However, these attempts have been in vain up to now. Besides, a big per centum of primary and preparative school instructors are non-specialists ( 41 % ) ( Ibrahim, 2008 ) . In add-on, rating techniques do non get by with the development in acquisition and learning methodological analysis techniques, and are rather far from the existent appraisal of pupils public presentation.2.5 Teacher provision Reform ProgrammeEgypt has no deficit of instructors, so if anything Egypt has a excess of instructors, with some of 800,000 instructors presently believed to be in the state. ( Abdel-WAHAB, January 2008 )( Crookes, 2003 ) concludes that autochthonal Egyptian instructors, though non needfully utilizing activities or schoolroom interaction forms theory most desirable by Second Language Acquistion theoreticians, resemblingly acquire better than foreign teachers but that the big category contexts that were new to the Egyptian instruction system ( through non unusual around the universe ) were a challenge met by the visitants. However the techniques used by visitants to pull off theses challenges, Holliday suggests, would be improbable to hold verifying long-run effects because they did non construct on autochthonal forms and penchants.( Holliday, 1996 ) concludes that merely a new, quick-scentedized-yet tralatitious- attack, could be to the full effectual in thea.culture of Egy ptian university big forkesa.. Exceptions apart, merely local lectors would be able to the full to accomplish this, because it would necessitate a rationalized edifice and re-allocation of thoughts and resources on an bing traditional footing ( p.100 )Well aware of the challenges, the authorities is now looking for new ways of making things and has emarked on a big graduated mesa reform programme of public instruction to give single instituttions greater liberty and engagement to the private sector to assist increase ability and better criterions.( The Report Egypt 2009, 2009 ) The major accomplishments of the Higher Education Enhancement Programme ( HEEP ) have been integrated into the national Education strategic program for the period 2008-2012, which aims to deconcentrate the national the national school construction, present school-based reform and better human resources through professional development programmes. The increased accent on instructor cookery within the mode l of the National Education Strategic Plan is considered one of the most of import facets of the reform programme.2.6 EFL prospective instructors prep programme at Menoufia UniversitySince the focal point in this survey is centred on prospective EFL instructors perceptual experiences of microteaching, it will be utile to supply an overview of Menoufia university, aptitude of instruction and their grooming programme in the school of instruction.2.6.1 Menoufia University Historical subscribegroundAn Egyptian Public University founded in 1976, is located primarily in Shibin EL Kom, a metropolis in Delta and the capital of the Monufia Governorate. There is besides a subdivision in 1 Sadat City, founded in 2006. It contains provides of Education, Agriculture, Arts, Computers and Information, Commerce, Law, and Medicine. Both undergraduate and post-graduate instruction is offered.2.6.2 Menoufia university mission, general intents and strategic aimsMenoufia university s mission is lending to construct the academic and moral construction of people, and developing both the local and national societies by preparation the specialised cognition and accomplishments peculiarly those that are related to the rural and new industrial communities through high quality educational, seek, and social services that can assist the university to accomplish a competitory advantage at the national, regional, and planetary degrees. The general intents of the University represent the cardinal indexs of success of the achievement of the University s mission. sevensome general intents are identified for Menoufiya University. Each of the old general intents has a figure of strategic aims that reflect them. ( see appendix 1 )2.6.3 ability of Education, Menoufia UniversityThe module of Education was foremost established in 1971, affiliated to own(prenominal) Shams University. In 1975, it became attached to Tanta University. The module so became attached to Minoufiya University at i ts institution in 1976. It contains sections of Educational Psychology. Curricula and Teaching Methods, and Education Fundamentals. Its Bachelors grades are offered in confederacy with one of the sections in the module of Humanistic disciplines or the Faculty of Science.2.6.4 school of Education English section readying classsTheoretically, EFL instructors is prepared in the module of instruction through two complementary sets of classs. The first set of classs is generally linguistic communication proficiency classs ( capable affair cognition like English literature, interlingual rendition, grammar, phonetics, and linguistics ) , and the 2nd set is pedagogical classs ( the instruction proficiency ) , including classs like foundations of instruction comparative instruction educational psychological attainment along with the learning practicum that aims to fix pupil instructors for the prospective occupation. The practicum is jointly carried out and supervised by the MOE inspe ctors and instructors along with the staff of modules of instruction.Bettering Pre service teacher developing programmesThe national board for professional instruction criterions ( NBPTS ) identified quint features of high-quality instructorTeachers are committed to pupils and their acquisition.Teachers know the topic they teach and how to learn those topics to pupils.Teachers are responsible for pull offing and superintend pupil acquisition.Teachers think systematically about their pattern and learn from experience.Teachers are members of larning communities.Demand for teacher readying plans at establishments of higher instruction and through a go oning procedure of development and research, the centre for the development of English Language Teaching ( CDELT ) support by the Integrated English Language Program ( IELP- II ) have integrated information about instructional rules to develop Egyptian criterions for instructors graduating from pre-service English instructor instructio n plans ( STEP ) . Through the professional instruction plan, campaigners are expected to run into the criterions at progressively complex degrees. Campaigners are assessed at each degree to show public presentation. The subjects of building cognition, developing pattern, and furthering relationships contribute the foundation for each of the criterions. These criterions, which are grouped into fiver chief spheres schoolroom direction, linguistic communication, direction, appraisal, and professionalism, organize the anchor of our instructor instruction plans.The STEPS task is a countrywide enterprise under the protections of the Center for the Development of English Language Teaching ( CDELT ) in coaction with the Program Planning and monitor Unit ( PPMU ) . It is sponsored by the Integrated English Language Project II ( IELP-II ) . Its purpose is to put criterions for instructors of English at pre-service degree. The STEPS undertaking event consists of representatives from 12 Fa culties of Education from nine universities and from the Ministry of Education of the Arab Republic of Egypt. The Task event has drafted a set of criterions in five spheres depicting what freshly suitable instructors from our Faculties of Education should cognize and be able to make.The Role of CDELT to better clinical supervising during PracticumHarmonizing to ( Bowers & A Gaies, 1997 ) , Five rules underline the clinical supervivsion of CDELT classs. These areThere should be a balance between. theory and pattern, between the educational and the preparation maps.The feasibleness of proposals for alteration in instructor public presentation should be judged against the existent restraints of the learning context.The personal sensitiveness indispensable to effectual counciling and preparation is best developed within the security of a system or paradigm of counselor-teacher interaction.Observation should be systematic and focused, with rating based on grounds available to the instructor.Reding should steer the instructor toward specific, mensurable, and moderate alterations in behaviour. test of theses rules offers an indicant of the scheme of the CDELT attack to supervisor readying. The CDELT offers a full-time class of 24 hebdomads. It includes 20 hebdomad class work in iv blocks of 5 hebdomads each, and one 4-week block of practical experience, in the center of five blocks. During the first two blocks, along with classs related to linguistic communication betterment, there are talks and seminars in debut to linguistics, theories of English linguistic communication instruction, and learning methods. Theses satisfy the demand to set up perceptual experiences of what linguistic communication is, what instruction is, and alternate attacks to the instruction of English.Over the diploma class as a whole, we aim to integrate into supervisor readying the five indispensable purposes of instructor instruction identified by, which among them guarantee theoreti cal poke and practical application principle, experience, observation, test and integrating.2.7 DecisionThe purpose of this chapter has been to supply the layout of the Egyptian educational system so as to give the reader an overview about the context in which this survey is connected, clarifying why this survey is of import for Egyptian instruction in general and linguistic communication instruction in Egypt in peculiar. Furthermore, the chapter reveals the alterations and fortunes that have been underway for about two decennaries now. These alterations are represented by proposing and planing new attacks, rules and weaponries for the general instruction, and in peculiar, for EFL acquisition and instruction.The undermentioned chapter is chiefly devoted to reexamining the literature related to EFl instructor readying programme and the function of microteaching in bettering their instruction public presentation.Abdel-WAHAB, A. ( January 2008 ) . Modeling Students Purpose to Adopt E-learning A Case From Egypt. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education-TOJDE, 9, 157-167.Arbors, R. , & A Gaies, S. ( Eds. ) . ( 1997 ) . Clinical supervising of linguistic communication instruction the supervising as trainer and pedagog Cambridge university imperativeness.Crookes, G. ( Ed. ) . ( 2003 ) . A practicum in TESOL Professional Development through Teaching apply Cambridge University Press.Ginsburb, M. , & A Megahed, N. ( Eds. ) . ( 2009 ) . Comparative Positions on Teachers, Teaching and Professionalism Springer.Hargreaves, E. ( 1997 ) . The sheepskin disease in Egypt Learning, instruction and the monster of the secondary departure certification. . Appraisal in Education, 4, 161-167.Herrera, L. ( Ed. ) . ( 2007 ) . Higher Education in the Arab World Springer.Higher Education in Egypt Reappraisals of National Policies for Education. ( 2010 ) . ) .Holliday, A. ( Ed. ) . ( 1996 ) . Large-and small-class civilizations in Egyptian university schoolrooms a cultural just ification for course of study alteration. Cambrigde University imperativeness.Ibrahim, H. ( 2008 ) . The strategic reading procedures of Egyptian EFL scholars. Exeter University.Metcalfe, A. ( Ed. ) . ( 2008 ) . Speculating Research Policy A Model for Higher Education Springer.The Report Egypt 2009. ( 2009 ) . ) Oxford concern group.Said, M. , & A Mourad, M. ( Eds. ) . ( 2008 ) . Egypt. Baston Baston College Center for International Higher Education.Schaub, M. ( 2000 ) . English in the Arab Republic of Egypt. World Englishes, 19 ( 2 ) , 225-238.Appendix 1 Menoufia University mission, purposes and Strategic AimsPurposeStrategic aims1A alumnus who is compatible with the modern-day challengesBettering the quality of the educational procedure harmonizing to the both the local and international criterions.Associating theA educationA withA theA issuesA of bothA societyA andA localA environment. in effect(p) leading of pupils.Bettering the wellness and societal attention of the pupils.I ncreasing the competitory capablenesss of the alumnuss in the labour market.2An first-class staff member.Accurate choice of the instruction and back uping staff members.Sustainability of the integrated development of the instruction and back uping staff members.Effective motive of the instruction and back uping staff members.Continuous public presentation assessment of the instruction and back uping staff members.Advanced systems for advancing the instruction and supportingA staff members.3Advanced academic research to be oriented by the intents of the national comprehensive development programs.Constructing an modern academic base for the scientific research.Associating the scientific research with the issues of the comprehensive development programs at the national degree.4Promoting values and ideal rules.Developing and intensifying the belongingness to Egypt.Constructing the positive personality.Guaranting the values and committedness.Guaranting and esteeming the university s va lues and traditions.5Civilized society and developing environment.Directing and utilizing the scientific research to function the development demands of the environment.Freedom of sentiment and protection of rational belongings.Bettering the quality of life.Developing consciousness of the cultural heritage.Developing the sense of dish aerial and encouraging creativeness.Developing the environmental consciousness.Promoting the behaviours that are compatible with the society development.6Distinguished position of the University in the development procedure of the instruction system.Distinguishing the university from others al both the local and international degrees.Bettering the society s trust and convection of the university s roleA and accomplishments.Triping the university s parts in the local and internationalA academic motion.More effectual function of the university in the current development systems of the higher instruction and scientific research.7Effective administrative system.Bettering the organization of the university s councils and commissions.Bettering the university s organisational and occupation constructions.Computerizing both the administrative and fiscal systems.Bettering the forming facets of the university s fiscal and private concern units.Bettering the choice procedure of the non-academic leaders and the administrative staff.Continuous development of abilities and accomplishments of administrative staff.Effective motive of the administrative staff.Effective public presentation assessment and controlling of the administrative system.