Sunday, March 31, 2019

Working Together To Safeguard Children

operative together To Safeguard ChildrenFor the get of this assignment I lead focus on the publication on the job(p) together to Safeguard Children (2006) and the usual loving C ar Councils statute of physical exertion for loving C ar Workers (2005) to critically evaluate and explore how they impact upon the power of the amicable ladderer whilst carrying come out initial enquiries.The neighborly take a leak vocation promotes social change, problem solving in gay relationships and the empowerment and shift of people to enhance well being, utilising theories of human demeanour and social systems. friendly crop intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments. Principles of human chastises and social umpire be underlying to social do work (International Association of schools of social work and international Federation of cordial Workers 2001). Social workers act as negotiators amidst the individual service user and the wider society i n set to help oneself the individual with the problems they be facing. This is performed by schoolmasters utilising theories, their own values and beliefs of human behaviour and social systems (International Association of schools of social work and international Federation of Social Workers 2001).Working Together to Safeguard Children (2006) go outs guidance for professionals who are on the job(p) with nestlingren and their families to assists them in their safeguarding practice. This document places emphasis on the motivating for joint working as this provides a variety of knowledge, theory and skill when working with small fryren and their families. The General Social Care Council (GSCC) identified codes of practice that aim to raise the standards in social care services, highlighting the responsibility of social care workers and their employers to jibe that the codes are followed at bottom practice.The General Social Care Council (2005) highlighted that the Codes of enforce were to reflect the breathing good practice of professionals and shared the standards and ethical practice to which they aspired. The main aims of the Code of Practice are to inform services users and the public of the standards that they jackpot forebode from social care workers and to provide social care workers with stimulate lines of accountability, wherefore ensuring that workers are aware of the responsibility upon them to ensure that these conduct do non fall below the standards expected of them as this can lead to the release of workers (GSCC 2002).Social workers are challenged on a daily basis to uphold the Codes of Practice while implementing government policies and procedures and direct the responsibility for limit grueling decisions and recommendations that will ultimately affect and impact upon the lives of electric razorren and their families. It is on that pointfore critical that professionals are able to claim these decisions by drawing and ref lecting upon guidance to enable professionals to instal ethical and sound decisions in the best interest of the kidskin and their family. Social workers harbour to accept and be accountable for all their actions and need to be able to explain why they have acted in a sure way. Therefore social workers need to have a good cause of how nature and society affects the way in which they practice enabling them to work competently and efficiently.Social workers strive to ensure that children are protected from maltreat as best they can and in order to do so social workers are trained and led by policies and procedures set out non only by the government but also from within the employing representation. The law also forms an essential part in the decision making process to ensure that children are not subject to significant harm.Professionals have a tariff to investigate and complete initial enquiries under incision 47 of the Children figure 1989, if there is reasonable cause to suspect that a child whom is living or found within the local theater of operations is believed to be suffering, or is likely to suffer significant harm (HM regime 2006). The Children Act 1989 introduced Significant Harm as the threshold that justifies compulsory intervention and determines if a child is made subject to a shield figure or provided with support in the children and families arena (OLoughlin OLoughlin 2008) therefore a child may be supported on a child in need basis.The process will begin at the referral stage which is the head start point of contact when information and or concerns are brought to the attention of Childrens Services, this can include a baptistry that is already open to the associated local authority if there are an accumulation of concerns or a pre birth esteemment indicates significant harm to an unborn child (DOH 2006). A team theatre director and a lead social worker will be allocated to the case and a decision will be made as to whether or not there are concerns which could pose potential or literal harm to the child, if this is so then a decision will be made to proceed to a strategy run into and will be recorded at this point by management.A strategy meeting should involve Childrens services, Police, Education, Health and each other relevant agencies who are working with the family. Working in alliance with all professionals involved is essential as sharing information helps to build a clear picture of the child, family social unit and the issues causing concern, thus promoting the safety and well being of the child (Children Act 1989). merely in some instances this sharing of information is done without the assume of the parents which immediately interlockings with the code of practice set out by the General Social Care Council (2005) as it states that the rights and interests of the service user essential be protected, respecting and maintaining the dignity and privacy of the service user. Already there is a contradiction starting amid the Working Together to Safeguard Children guidance and the Codes of Practice. some other conflict emerges if the outcome of the strategy is to proceed with a partition 47 enquiry, due to Working Together to Safeguard Children (2006) stating that Parents and those with parental responsibility are informed of concerns at the earliest prospect, unless to do so would place the child at insecurity of significant harm, or undermine a vicious investigation and that as parental consent has not been obtained any work done should be exercise in a manner which allows for coming(prenominal) working relationships with the family.This sounds plausible and is aimed to be in the best interests of the child advertise it conflicts with the Codes of Practice (2005) which state that a social care worker must strive to establish and maintain the trust and confidence of service users. As a social worker it is incredibly difficult to uphold the Codes of Practic e whilst following the guidance of Working Together to Safeguard Children, due to not being able to be as open and honest during the initial contact as possible. The rationale for this is that the only information to be provided to the family is that, that is concur within the strategy meeting (HM Government 2006).Whilst carrying out a Section 47 enquiry it is essential that the child in question is utter to alone as this gives the child the opportunity to express their wishes and feelings and allows professionals to gather further information. If the child is not spoken to alone it reduces the ability to prehendly assess the needs and put on the lines surrounding the child. When speaking to the child it is imperative that discussions are practiced in a way that minimises distress but maximises the likelihood that they will provide accurate and complete information as gaining the childs views can be critical in the prevention of significant harm (HM Government 2006). distinctly stating that professionals are able to speak to children without the consent of parents or anyone with parental responsibility, if there is evidence that the child would be placed at further risk should the parents be informed.Consequently social workers are following the guidance from Working Together to Safeguard Children yet disregarding the Codes of Practice which places a duty on the social worker to communicate in an appropriate, open, accurate and unequivocal way (GSCC 2005).Section 47 enquiries may include a medical examination and failure to consent from the parents or failure to allow the child to be seen in general may result in the professionals having to make an application to the Court in respect of being granted appropriate orders such as an Emergency Protection Order or opinion Order, professionals will be directed by legal professionals in this instant. once again there are conflicts within this, in respect of the Codes of Practice, by attending Court and seeking an order, families may feel that they are not being listened to or their wishes respected, in some scenarios it may be matte by services users that their privacy and dignity is not being respected. How eer there is one Code of Practice that has some similarities to Working Together to Safeguard Children taking necessary stairs to minimise the risks of service users from doing genuine or potential harm to themselves or others (GSCC 2005).It may also receive evident when completing a Section 47 enquiry that the child in question and siblings if any, may need to be accommodated whilst subsequent assessment are complete. The local authority will whenever possible attempt to ensure that the child can remain at home and appropriate steps will be taken to ensure the childs safety, however there are times when the risk is such that there is no other option than to remove the child from the family home (HM Government 2006). There is a clear contrast to the Codes of Practice as they sta te that service users have the right to take risks hence placing professionals in a position whereby they need to make decisions as to whether the risks can be managed without leaving the child at risk of further harm.As a social worker you are set about with conflict and dilemmas when attempting to work in accordance with both Working Together to Safeguard Children and the Codes of Practice. This leads to dilemmas in practice that require consideration and in order for social workers to make sound and professional judgements it is essential that social workers have regular supervision to aid their practice, allow them to reflect on decisions made, look for at various interventions and possible outcomes. Supervision allows for social workers to ensure that they provide effective and efficient work with children and families.Working within child protection is complex and the need to share information is vital therefore any decisions that are made with regards to children should be done so in a multi-agency manner. This aims to ensure that professionals are not individually held accountable for failure to work in accordance with the Codes of Practice and government guidance while incorporating inter-agency working, which is fundamental when combating child abuse (Working Together to Safeguard Children 2006).The Codes of Practice (2005) express the need for social worker to be accountable for their own work, this includes the need for social workers to recognise and respect the roles and expertise of other professionals and work in partnership with them. Joint supervision with professionals in a similar field gives the opportunity to share knowledge and skill an may cover something the fellow professional has failed to notice therefore providing and even best quality of service to the public.It has mother abundantly clear throughout this assignment that social work is ever changing and that the decision making process, individually or jointly between professio nals is never easy, especially when it involves the lives of children and young people. Adhering to The Codes of Practice whilst also adhering to government guidance, simply, causes conflict in practice this is something that may never change and as a social worker it is imperative to note this and whilst following policies and procedures we must not forget that the children we are trying to protect and the families that they belong to are people, human beings with feelings, rights and deserve to be treated correctly.

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Hemispheric Specialization: Effects of Drugs on the Brain

hemispheric Specialization Effects of Drugs on the BrainNANA KOFI BONSU AKUFFOLANCASTER UNIVERSITYINTRODUCTIONThe human organic structure is divided into many parts c aloneed organs. all in all of the parts ar learnled by an organ called the mastermind, which is located in the head. The brain weighs astir(predicate) 2.75 pounds. The brain is make up of many cells, and I the centre of the body. The brain sends messages to all the early(a) parts of the body (The Human Brain. 123HelpMe.com. 19 Feb 2015).The human brain is operaten to be in a spherical form. A cerebral hemisphere is half of a sphere, so this means, the brain divided into two parts or hemispheres. there is the a up make up and the left(p). These hemispheres appear to be identical, scarce closer examination reveals that they atomic number 18 highly specialized regions that serve different functions.The left hemisphere enables our competency to express ourselves in linguistic process. In over 95% of right-h and(prenominal) pile the left hemisphere is dominant for idiom. The figure is well-nighwhat lower for left handers, approximately 70%, but still highly signifi burnt. The left hemisphere is better than the right at recognizing sequences of words and letters. It controls our logic, our reasoning, and our analytical thought processes. It can focus on details, however it has difficulty comprehending the whole picture.The perceptual functions of the right hemisphere are to a greater extent specialized for the analysis of space and geometrical shapes and forms, elements that are all present at the same time (not so sequential like expression). The right hemisphere is the creative half, it can see the whole out of parts, that is allowing us to connect puzzle parts together. The right hemisphere also plays an important role in the comprehension of emotion.However, the control of medicine intake from childhood stages to late adulthood increases gradually in life. Even for medical pur ports, the intake of drugs may not just athletic supporter a patient recover but can also pay other negative side effects that later on in life reveal themselves. Drugs affect brain pathways involving reward, that is, the dopamine system in the reward pathway. Within seconds to minutes of entering the human body, drugs cause spectacular changes to synapses in the brain.LITERATURE REVIEWHemispheric specialization refers to the study of cognitive functions, dividing them up by the hemisphere of the brain responsible for them (www.ask.com/ science/define-hemispheric-specialization). cognitive function refers to a persons ability to process thoughts. acquaintance earlier refers to things like memory, the ability to learn new information, speech, and reading comprehension. In most healthy exclusives thebrainis capable of learning new skills in each of these areas, especially in early childhood, and of developing personal and individual thoughts about the world.The brain has two halv es orhemispheres. The two sides look like mirror images. This is calledbilateral symmetry. The wordbilateralmeans two-sided, while symmetrymeans the two sides look the same. So bilateral symmetry refers to the feature that the brain consists of two halves that are nearly mirror images of each other. most function locations vary depending on the dominant hand of the patient. In world-wide terms, literary functions are focused in the left hemisphere, particularly in right-handed people, while creative and figurative functions center in the right hemisphere.Also well-known(a) is that the brain iscross-wired, with theleft hemisphere controlling movement on theright side of the body, and theright hemispherecontrolling theleft side of the body. Most, but not all, of the different structures, lobes and organs of the brain drive a left and right hemisphere element, andcommunication between the hemispheresis achieved by means of a thick bundle of nerve tissues known as thecorpus callosu m, which effectively makes a full brain out of two half-brains. lateralisation AND LANGUAGE PROCESSINGIt was the French physiologistPaul Brocain the 1860s (as well as his less well-known countryman and near contemporary,Marc Dax, almost 30 years earlier) who noted that, at least in general terms, a persons dominance tends to indicate aspecialized hemisphere on the brains opposite side, so that a right-handed person probably has a left-hemispherelanguage specialization, andvice versa. Indeed, for almost a century, until theWada test(a technique involving the anaesthetizing of 1ness side of the brain using a drug such(prenominal) as sodium amytal or sodium amobarbital) was introduced in the 1960s, a persons handedness was just about the only clue an operatingneurosurgeonhad about which hemisphere of a patients brain was probably the bingle specialized for language.Following Brocas findings, it was initially assumed thathandedness and the hemispheric dominance of speech processing were inextricably and intimately connected. However, it soon became apparent, even to Broca, thatexceptions and mismatches existed, and that perhaps the intimacy wasnot as fixedas he had initially thought. Although the incidence of right-hemisphere language dominancedoesincrease more or less linearly with the degree of butterfingeredness, it turns out to be not sort of as simple as that.In fact, after the control of springer Deutsch, Damasio Damasio, and others in the 1990s, we now know that, although about 95% of right-handersdo shitleft-hemisphere dominance for language functions, only close to19% of left-handershave right-hemisphere language dominance, with another20%or so processing language functions inboth hemispheres(the incidence of language distribution inambidextrous peopleis broadly similar to that found in left-handed people). Other studies report percentages for left-handers of 70%, 15% and 15% (rather than 61%, 19% and 20%), but the finding all suggest that, pe rhaps unexpectedly, some60% 70% of left-handers process language in the left hemisphere, just like right-handers. Indeed, around 93% of all people have left hemisphere language dominance (http//www.rightleftrightwrong.com/brain.html).One half-brain is not logical and the other intuitive, nor is one more analytical and the other more creative. Both halves play important roles in logical and intuitive thinking, in analytical and creative thinking, and so forth. All of the popular distinctions involve complex functions, which are accomplished by threefold processes, some of which may operate better in the left hemisphere and some of which may operate better in the right hemisphere, but the overall functions cannot be said to be entirely the province of one or the other hemisphere.And far from having separate lives, the two halves work together. They are not isolated systems that compete or engage in some kind of cerebral tug-of-war one is not an undisciplined child, the other a spoil sport that throws schoolyard tantrums. Rather, as we have stressed, the brain is a single, marvelously complicated, and late integrated system. Like those of a well-maintained bicycle, the parts of the brain do have different functions but, like the parts of a bike, they are designed to work together.Finally, as we discussed earlier, there is solid evidence that none of us relies primarily on one or the other hemisphere. We all use all of our brains none of us are truly left-brained or right-brained.DRUG dependanceA drug is, in broadcast terms, a chemical nitty-gritty that has biological effects on human beings and animals. Inpharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being.Pharmaceutical drugsmay be used for a exceptional duration, or on a regular basis forchronic disorders. recreational drugsare chemical substances that affect thecentral nervous system, such asopioidsorhallucinogens. Alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine are the most widely consumed psychotropic drugs worldwide.They may be used for effects onperception,consciousness,personality, andbehavior. Many recreational drugs are also medicinal.Some drugs can causeaddictionand habituationand all drugs haveside effects. Many drugs are illegal for recreational purposes and international treaties such as the single convention on narcotic drugsexist for the purpose of legally prohibiting certain substances (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug).

Models for Entrepreneurship Development

Models for Entrepreneurship DevelopmentDevelop a transaction proposal based on an actual or presumable opportunity which has non yet been use upd1.0 Introduction psychiatric hospitals and rude(a) business ideas ar the cornerst unrivaled of business ontogenesis and wealth creation in an economy (Drucker, 1993). As such(prenominal), the creation of risque business proposals and plans to exploit these opportunities is likewise vital to ensuring ongoing economic conquest. This spot bequeath take three effectiveness entrepreneurial business opportunities, reconcile which atomic number 53 has the most potential difference, and then confine relevant economic theories and models to fix business plans and financial projections for said opportunity, along with a discussion of whatsoever stakes and con lookrations for this business to address.2.0 Opportunity pickax2.1 Creative thinking modelWalls (1926) inventive thinking model contains five stages preparation, incubatio n, intimation, illumination and verification. However, in line with firedogs (1971) analysis, this piece volition condense this model to a quaternary stage model, ignoring the intimation stage, which f lourpot be argued to represent a wedge heel stage of the process.Idea 1 Mobile Grocery Retail answer supplying In many campestral countrys at that do argon meaningful distances between pastures, and many plurality do non ready oerture to local shops selling a commodious variety of crossings. The small coat of many villages also selects it impractical to serve them with a macroscopic scale of measurement brick and mortar super commercialize or by requested online deliin truth. incubation The idea was primarily veritable from the authors experience of living in a rural community, where village shops plyed to be poorly stocked, and therefrom rural d comfortablyers tended non to have access to the same level of choice as battalion in urban centres.Illuminati on The concept of a officious intellectual nourishment product retail religious service, with a wide trim of groceries sold direct to consumers from the rearwards of a van was seen as the only feasible way to serve scattered rural communities with no major supermarkets of their own. This would take advantage of b guess wholesale and distribution facilities set up across the country. balk explore from Datamonitor (2007) indicates that the food market sector is genuinely prominent and competitive, but that no set up manages to maintain a signifi contributet level of loyalty amongst its guest, with over lxxx per cent of customers using more than one check off of foodstuff retailer. As such, customers tend to be very flexible ab go forth where they profane groceries, thus creating an attractive niche market and meets verification criteria.Idea 2 call forth selling its own branded range of organic productsPreparation As with the grocery service, past experience of liv ing in a rural community guide to the conclusion that many farms are struggling because they drop dead to make use of all their available opportunities.Incubation After considering divers(a) diversification ideas, the idea of selling farm made goods in shops developed as the only one yet to be fully exploited. This led to the idea of developing a distinctive brand appeal and first mateing with a major supermarket chain.Illumination Research by Trobe (2001) indicated that consumers have an increasing choice for locally waxn, organic and ethical food, and that they want to kickoff it from the manufacturer to be sure of its organic credentials. As such, a farm branded product would provide the enquired level of assurance, above that offered by a supermarket corporation.Verification MarketWatch (2005) indicates that consumers are leading to constitute momentously mellowed prices for organic food they know is grown in the local subject field. In addition, the Soil tie-in ( 2008) demonstrated that the organic food market in the UK grew by close to 22% in 2006, and that growth was predicted to continue in the future. This makes the market very valuable for new entrants. However, the fact that this opportunity would regard to be undertaken in confederation with living supermarket chains would potential make it difficult to shape a business plan with extinct runner finding a retail partner.Idea 3 Small screen cinema businessPreparation The painting entertainment business is very volatile, with some(a) films making gigantic revenues whilst a nonher(prenominal)s take very picayune. As such, the author tried to sketch out a way to minimise this volatility by creating an offering with a steady cash flow and no corner office flops.Incubation Unfortunately, in a creative manufacturing such as film entertainment, there is no way to find opportunities which are guaranteed to succeed. As such, the pure tone at was to find a way of extracting more re venue and respect from existing successful films.Illumination The current lifecycle for a film goes from cinema to videodisk to pay television to standard television. This means that only a disembowel of the lifecycle is spent in the cinema, whilst the remaining three quarters is spent in peoples al-Qaidas. This reduces the extent to which the film butt joint be shown to large groups. As such, the motor was to extend the lifecycle for large groups, by showing films on smaller screens in smaller cinemas in front they go to DVD, making a more exclusive environment than standard cinemas.Verification Unfortunately, in this area there was little research available to indicate that the opportunity was presumable to succeed. Many filmmakers are reluctant to adjust their model for fear of undermining their mainstream box office revenues, and also resist making films widely available before they go to DVD ascribable to the risk of piracy. As such, this idea did not achieve verificat ion or present itself as a possible opportunity.2.2 Opportunity pass judgmentmentBased on the analysis above, there was inadequate data to assess the third opportunity, which indicates that it does not fulfil Cassons (1982) criteria of providing new goods or service at greater than their cost of production or Shanes (1996) definition of recombining resources to produce a pro consort. As such, the only cardinal ideas to be assessed are the first and second. Of these, the second idea cannot be pursue in depth at this stage, as it requires a significant horizontal surface of commitment from a partner organisation before it can be investigated in detail and financial resources can be determined. This implies that idea one is the one which should be taken forward.3.0 Analysis of business concept background signal up a mobile grocery retail service with the aim of serving communities with a wide range of groceries in accessible local locations intellectual nourishment 2 You is a n ew menace which volition look to service local communities which do not have access to a large supermarket or shop. The venture go away operate a world action of refitted lorries which entrust contain a wide range of groceries beyond that which would be available in a typical village shop. The mobility of this service allow for make such a range cost in effect(p) because solid food 2 You go out not be limited by the geographic distribution radii possessed by most local stores. Instead, the lorries go away be able to visit numerous villages thus achieving economies of scale similar to a supermarket whilst maintaining all the convenience of a local store.3.1 Difa analysisAccording to Raes (2007) argument, the existence of a submit and the ability to fill it is key to the success of any innovation. As such, the Difa model depart be employ to assess the level of have, the innovation of the model, the feasibility of supplying the market and the attractiveness of the potenti al share.Demand The UK grocery diligence is forecast to grow by 35% from 2007 to 2012, a compound annual growth rate of over 6% (Datamonitor, 2008). In addition to this, Cotterill (2006) reports on the findings of various studies into the competitive nature of grocery retailing markets, finding that customers often convictions lack choice about the services available to them. As such, a completely new service which is remote any previous offerings could succeed in attracting a large fall of customers.Innovation As discussed above, the main innovation in this offering is that it is alone(predicate) in grocery retailing. Currently, customers have the choice of all visiting a shop, which requires conviction and effort, or ordering online which requires extra language expense and the risk of the wrong goods being packed or supplied. fodder 2 You offers the foregone conclusion of making selections from a shop, whilst also providing the convenience of local food delivery.feasi bleness A MarketWatch (2007) report indicates that consumers are more active in choosing where to shop for food when compared to any different retail sectors. Indeed, shoppers for food and groceries rule-governedly use three stores, on average, to fill all their shop requirements. This implies that it is feasible to fit this service into existing demand and make a profit from it.attractive feature Ketzenberg and Ferguson (2008) argue that one of the key issues facing many shops is how to handle the slack off moving perishable items which have higher levels of waste and lower revenues. By combining all such items into one mobile store, and selling them in a variety of locations, Food 2 You can access a niche which is not curiously profitable for other shops. This go away back up oneself it develop rapidly with little competition from the established players, who have little profits to defend in this area.3.2 affair modelSee attachment 1 for the business model3.3 Market pot ential pieceationDatamonitor (2007) claims that grocery customers are very flexible regarding the locations and times at which they shop, with low levels of brand loyalty. As such, they are very in all probability to switch supplier if there is a more agreeable option available. As a result, this business will be based strongly on providing a convenient solution, grown customers what they want, when and where they want it. The expectation is that customers will be willing to pay a small premium for this superfluous convenience, and thus this service will be able to extra significant rents.The service will probably have three channelise customer segmentsFamilies where one or both parents work, and thereof they are under significant time pressure and regular shopping trips increase this pressure further. In addition, these families would tend to have higher income levels, due to both parents working, and will thus be able to chip in to pay the premium.Elderly or retired peop le who will find it gainsay to go to the shops on a regular basis. As such, they will often be limited to local shops with a very poor selection and quite high prices due to a lack of economies of scale. As such, this segment would potentially not see higher shopping bills due to using the service, but will benefit from increased convenience.Homemakers and people who work from home. These people may have chosen to stay at home because they have small children, something which can make shopping in a large store very difficult. In addition, they do not commute to work, and and so have a lower geographic range when shopping. Also, as this segment is not constrained by time, and is growing due to the increase in flexible working (Vant, 2003), it could be one of the largest growing market segments in the coming years.4.0 Resources, returns, risks4.1 Financial plan forecastsSee Appendix 2 for slender financial plan and forecasts.4.2 Proposed investment anticipated returnsThe servic e is such that it can be begeted out on a small scale and can grow further as its profile and demand rise. As such, an initial investment of 200,000 should be sufficient. 100,000 of this could be used to purchase the first ii lorries and refit them to carry goods including refrigerated food. The remaining 100,000 would be used to buy groceries on the wholesale markets and to provide ongoing cashflow. Given the anticipated demand for this service, this capital should be fully recouped within eight years.4.3 Required human capabilitiesThe main human capabilities needed are in 2 areas. The first of these is the ability to source and negotiate groceries at or near to wholesale prices. This could be quite difficult, as the supermarkets in the UK tend to have significant power over the distribution networks for groceries. As such, it would be ideal to either recruit someone with supermarket experience, or to enter into a supply partnership with a supermarket or a major grocery supplier in order to purchase groceries on the same terms as other major players (Kumar, 2008).The second capability required is rather more terrestrial the service needs drivers who can also operate their lorries as mobile shops. It is envisioned that the lorries will operate by opening one side completely, so that customers can see all products within the store. However, this will not allow a significant number of customers to enter the lorry at any one time. As such, the driver will also need to fetch most goods for the customer, bag them and perform all other customer service actions. This will require a somewhat unique gang of human capabilities.4.4 Risk assessmentThere are several risks to this ventureLack of acceptance from customers over established brandsbankruptcy to arrange in a local market with sufficient customer demandFailure to negotiate partnerships or supply deals with wholesalers revolt costs such as petrol pricesInadequate start up capitalMitigation strategies are as followsCarry out local advertising prior to open upConduct studies of market demographics to determine which are the best areas for the target marketIf supply deals cannot be negotiated, the venture will not be cost competitive and will likely have to be abandonedRising petrol prices should drive up grocery prices across the board hence prices can be raised to absorb the additional costexcess drawdown facilities should be negotiated to provide additional cash flow in cocktail dress of difficulties5.0 Start-up marketing planAs discussed above, the initial actions will rivet on using demographic, social and economic analyses to determine the best markets for the service to launch into. Households in these areas will then be surveyed to determine the likely answer to the service and generate word of mouth publicity. This is consistent with Collinson and Shaws (2001) survey that entrepreneurial organisations should structure their activities roughly the market.5.1 Internal evalua tionFood 2 Yous main strength will be its flexibility and responsiveness, as well as the relationships it can build up with the local communities. For example, customers will be given the opportunity to place orders for goods they want, which can be sourced finished the supply deals and be collected by the customer the next time the lorry is serving the area. However, the main weakness of the service is that it will not have the marketing and buyer power of the main supermarkets, and thus will not be able to match them for price. Also, in the early stages of launch, it will not have the reputation and awareness amongst consumers, and thus it may be difficult to establish the service.5.2 Competitor analysisAs discussed above, the main competitors will be the big supermarkets, whose buyer power allows them to keep their prices at lower levels that Food 2 Yous. In addition, local shops may oppose the service, beholding it as a threat to their business. Of these, Tesco is likely to re present the main threat, as it has stores in every UK postcode area and thus will be the only bon ton to challenge the potential geographic flip over of Food 2 You.5.3 porters beers five forcesPorters (1980) five forces model is one of the most used and recognised methods for analysing the competitive environment acting in a market. The forces tend to act at the microeconomic level, which means that they will tinct on Food 2 You differently in each region served. However, in commonplace the five forces will act as followsNew EntrantsWhilst the market is very attractive for Food 2 You to enter, this will also apply for any other potential entrants, particularly if Food 2 Yous offering proves profitable. Indeed, the low entry costs all new entrants require is refurbished lorries and the ability to buy groceries at wholesale prices, will also make the market more attractive to potential new entrants. As such, and due to the small growth speed of the service due to the need to anal yse a region before entering it, it is likely that Food 2 You will soon face several competitors and will not be able to dominate the market.Potential SubstitutesAs discussed above, the main substitutes are shopping in a standard store or ordering groceries online from a major supermarket chain. Shopping in a standard store is the predominate mode of purchasing groceries, but has significant time and travel requirements, particularly for those who do not live near a store. Online ordering reduces the time and travel requirement, but leaves customers unable to choose their own produce, at the risk of errors by the supermarket, and having to pay a delivery charge.BuyersGiven the wide range of choice and the ability of consumers to switch supplier at will, consumers represent the ascendant force in the grocery market. As such, this service aims to play on this by offering consumers a service close to their homes, with a wide selection, and at a convenient time. It is hoped that this will attract consumers away from stores.SuppliersIn the early stage, the service is likely to be dependent on one major supplier, which means the supplier will have significant power. This could be countered by making the supplier a partner in the service, giving said supplier an incentive to grow the service and make it profitable. If this does not prove to be possible, then as the service grows it should look to work with more suppliers to reduce this level of power.Competitive RivalryThe UK supermarket industry has very strong competitive rivalry, however the rivalry is lower in home delivery as there are fewer suppliers and the market is not large enough for the major supermarkets to pay much attention to it (Boyer and Hult, 2006 narrator et al, 2006). However, with the low barriers to entry, if Food 2 You proves popular the market and the number of competitors in it could grow rapidly.5.4 Marketing objectivesThe main marketing objective will be to build relationships with the villages or towns identified as being worthwhile locations in which to operate. These locations will be segmented according to their demographic, social and economic characteristics and the residents will be surveyed to find out their times and dates. Each part of the town or village will then be allocated a delivery slot based on their espoused interest.5.5 Product strategyThe service will aim to stock the products which will be most in demand in specific areas, focusing on high quality, high brink products in affluent areas and more basic products in poorer areas. However, in general the service will aim to provide higher quality items in order to justify its price premium.5.6 Price strategyAs discussed with the products, the social club will pursue a pricing strategy based on providing maximum convenience in terms of time and distance. As such, the service will not be aiming to compete on price, and thus will have more flexibility to set premium prices and extract additional s urplus from time pressured consumers. This will likely reduce the size of the target market for the service, but at the same time increase its value and profitability.5.7 Place strategyThe service will look to select locations in each town or village based on the locations which are easiest to reach for the majority of target customers. This will also require some consideration of where lorries can be parked most easily, as well as some consultation with local authorities to ensure that roadstead are not blocked and the public are not inconvenienced.5.8 forward motion strategyThe promotional activity of Food 2 You will sign on showing consumers the value that the company offers to them, in terms of not needing to spend lots of time and effort travelling to supermarkets. It will focus strongly on developing word of mouth advertising around the convenience of the stores and will also look to build relationships through allowing consumers to place orders for their favourite products and have a say in their delivery times.6.0 maturation exit6.1 Growth strategyThe main growth strategy for the company will be to develop sufficient word of mouth in its chosen launch locations to allow it to develop into nearby geographical areas and hence to expand its fleet of mobile stores (Bolton and Drew, 1991). As this word of mouth begins to reach its limits in terms of reach and effectiveness, it can be supplemented by effective PR, such as arranging for local newspapers to write stories about the impact of the delivery service (Klein, 2007). Once the companys brand visit has grown significantly, it can also help grow itself through network promotions, such as setting up a electronic networksite through which potential customers can request the company provide services to their local area ( mayzlin, 2006). This will then help the company grow from being a local to a national company, thus allowing it to better compete with other stores on price.6.2 Exit strategyThe exit strategy for the venture is likely to be contingent on the level of success it experiences, and the reactions of other players in the grocery industry to its success. Should the company be launched in partnership with a major supermarket chain or supplier, then a takeover of Food 2 You by said partner would be a likely exit strategy. However, if the company launches alone and experiences significant success then it may still be purchased by one of the major players, as this would help the buyer increase their market share and access this segment of the industry without having to start their own offering. If this does not come to pass, then the most likely exit strategy would be an IPO by the owners, who could then watch whether to stay on as managers to the company or whether to exit completely. Alternatively, depending on the relationships the company builds with the communities in which it operates, the company could be taken over by these communities and run as a co-operative, or even taken over by its employees.7.0 ConclusionThe market analysis indicates that there is significant potential demand for this service, and that it can fill a sizeable existing initiative in the grocery market. However, the main criteria for the success of the company is that it is able to partner with an existing major grocery retailer or supplier in order to obtain wholesale prices for its groceries. If it can do this, then it will be able to remain relatively price competitive, and thus can compete aggressively on convenience for consumers. However, in the initial two years of operation the venture will be quite high risk, particularly in terms of the locations in which it chooses to operate and its level of customer exposure. As such, it is vital that the company is careful when researching and selecting its start up locations, and also has significant cash flow to get it through the initial start up period where sales may be low. However, the innovative and convenient nat ure of the service should mean that, once it is through the initial period, it will rapidly develop a significant following and will grow into a successful and sustainable business venture.8.0 ReferencesBirley, S. and Muzyka, D. (2000) Mastering Entrepreneurship your single source guide to becoming a master of entrepreneurship. Pearson Education.Bolton, R. N. and Drew, J. H. (1991) A Multistage Model of Customers Assessments of armed service Quality and Value. Journal of Consumer Research Vol. 17, prune 4, p. 375-384.Boyer, K. K. and Hult, G. T. M. (2006) Customer behavioral intentions for online purchases An mental testing of fulfillment method and customer experience level. Journal of Operations circumspection Vol. 24, Issue 2, p. 124-147.Casson M. (1982), The Entrepreneur Totowa Barnes and Noble.Cotterill, R. W. (2006) Antitrust analysis of supermarkets global concerns playing out in local markets. Australian Journal of Agricultural Resource economics Vol. 50, Issue 1, p. 1 7-32.Datamonitor (2008) Food Retail in the United Kingdom manufacturing Profile. July 2008.Datamonitor (2007) UK grocery market more competitive than ever. MarketWatch Global Round-up Vol. 6, Issue 12, p. 65-66.Drucker, P. F. (1993) Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Collins.Hutchings A. (1995), Marketing A Resource Book, London Pitman Publishing.Ketzenberg, M. and Ferguson, M. E. (2008) Managing Slow-Moving Perishables in the Grocery perseverance. Production Operations steering Vol. 17, Issue 5, p. 513-521.Klein, K. E. (2007) Effective PR on a Limited Budget. Business Week Online 9th April 2007, p. 13.Kotler, P. and Keller, K. L. (2006) Marketing Management 12th Edition. Harlow Financial Times / Prentice Hall.Kumar, S. (2008) A study of the supermarket industry and its growing logistics capabilities. international Journal of Retail Distribution Management Vol. 36, Issue 3, p. 192-211.MarketWatch (2007) UK grocery market more competitive than ever. Datamonitor MarketWatch Food V ol. 6, Issue 12, p. 12-13.MarketWatch (2005) Industry Comment UK organics harvesting rewards. Datamonitor MarketWatch Food Vol. 4, Issue 1, p. 16.Mayzlin, D. (2006) Promotional Chat on the Internet. Marketing Science Vol. 25, Issue 2, p. 155-163.Odin Y. Odin N. Valette-Florence P. (2001), Conceptual and Operational Aspects of Brand homage An Empirical Investigation, Journal of Business Research Volume 53, Number 2, p75-84.Porter M. (1980), Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. London Free Press.Rae D. (2007) Entrepreneurship From Opportunity to Action, Palgrave MacMillan.Shane S. (2000), Prior companionship and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities, Organization Science, Volume 11, Number 4, p448-469.Simkin, L. (1996) Understanding Competitors Strategies The practician Academic Gap, Marketing Intelligence Planning, Volume 15, Number 3, p124-134.Soil standstill (2008) UK organic sales nudge 2bn up 22 per cent averaging 7 million grow th per week. Sales through local, direct marketing schemes such as veg boxes soar by 53 per cent. Soil Association http//www.soilassociation.org/web/sa/saweb.nsf/7626dec679c2455580256de2004bae42/efd75fcb51d9029c8025734800579da9OpenDocument Accessed 13th October 2008.Steyaert, C. and Hjorth, D. (2006) Entrepreneurship as Social Change a Third Movements in Entrepreneurship Book. Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publishing.Teller, C. Kotzab, H. and Grant, D. B. (2006) The consumer direct services revolution in grocery retailing an alpha investigation. Managing Service Quality Vol. 16, Issue 1, p. 78-96.Trobe, H. L. (2001) Farmers markets consuming local rural produce. International Journal of Consumer Studies Vol. 25, Issue 3, p. 181-192.Vant, T. R. (2003) More jobs, greater choice. OECD Observer Issue 239, p. 29.Wallas, G. (1926) The art of Thought. New York Harcourt Brace.West and Steinhouse (2008) Think Like An Entrepreneur Your Psychological Toolkit For Success. Pearson Education.Wiener, M. (1971) amongst two worlds The political thought of Graham Wallas. Oxford Clarendon Press.Appendix 1 Business ModelAppendix 2 Detailed Financial Plan and Forecasts periodical Cash Flow ForecastYear 1JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecOpening Balance25000022300096000940009206090181883658661284924833038174980264RevenueIncome from Sales0010000102001040410612108241104111262114871171711951ExpensesMarketing Expense25000250000000000000Equipme

Friday, March 29, 2019

Secret trusts in Blackwell v Blackwell

Secret faiths in Blackwell v BlackwellFor the prevention of craft legality fastens on the conscience of the legatee a assurance which would otherwise be inoperative in other words, it makes him do what the testament has nonhing to do with, it lets him prep are what the will gives him, and past makes him apply it as the Court of Conscience directs, and it does so in order to give effect to the wishes of the testate, which would non otherwise be effectual per Viscount Sumner in Blackwell v Blackwell 1929 A.C. 318, 335. Discuss this view explaining the practical and sound problems the start out creates, the temperament of the fraud, and whether it is a sufficient confession for the acknowledgment of both fully privy and half mystic trusts.Let us commence with a brief examination of the factual circumstances which occurred in this character reference A testator, by a codicil, bequeathed a legacy of 12, 000 to five persons to apply for the purposes indicated by me to th em. Prior to the execution of this codicil, the terms of the trust were communicated to the legatees and the trust was accepted by them. The beneficiaries were the testators mistress and her illegitimate son. The plaintiff sought from the tribunals a declaration that no much(prenominal) valid trust in choose of the objects had been created on the ground that parole evidence was inadmissible to establish much(prenominal) a trust.Approaching this factual situation as a probate will lawyer, iodine would not be criticised for suggesting that the trusts in question were invalid for ill fortune to comply with the formality requirements of s9 of the Wills telephone number 1837, which require a will, or each other testamentary disposition, to be in writing, signed by the testator and two witnesses. Viscount Sumner in Blackwell v Blackwell1 however did find that these trusts were valid, in spite of this statuteThe above excerpt, from the dicta of Viscount Sumner in Blackwell v Black well, indicates that the enforcement of a semi-secret trust does not in fact contravene the aforesaid statutory provision. Viscount Sumner reasons that the trust in question is in fact created put down vivos, and as such operates exterior of the will the testator communicated the trust to the proposed regents who accepted it, the trust neat fully constituted upon execution of the will and transfer of the trust plaza to these regents. In this representation, he argues that enforcement of the trust is not due to the will enter itself, rather the previous agreement made between the trustees and testator secret trusts therefore operate outside of the will itself and as such argon not subject to the formality requirements contained in s9 of the Wills Act 1837 the whole behind of secret trusts, as I understand it, is that they operate outside the will, changing nothing that is written in it, and allowing it to operate according to its tenor, besides then fastening a trust on to the property in the hold of the recipient.2 Viscount Sumner therefore argues that the enforcement of semi-secret trusts should be governed by trust law and not through the regains of probate.This conclusion is certainly neat, and prima facie, does seem to satisfy the concerns of the probate lawyer, but if Viscount Sumners argument is to be accepted, and we are to submit to the notion that the applicable principles to be applied to the above facts lie within the sole legal power of trust law, then surely we could expect that there would be a vast body of case law which we could rely upon to support his argument. The justice however is that, despite its beauteous simplicity, there are real legal problems in reconciling this theory with our orthodox principles of trust law the allowance of a trust, which purports to bind after-acquired property, is irreconcilable with the established trust law rule that it is impossible to declare an immediate trust of future property3, or a trust which binds such property whenever in is received4. These are not little concerns, nor the only concernsCritchley5 argues that this stand is also flawed in that Viscount Sumner has conf utilise the notions of outside the will with outside the Wills Act, incorrectly relying on the reasoning in the case of Cullen v Attorney General for Northern Ireland6, which was a ending relating to tax statutes rather than to the formal requirements of the Wills Act, and was as such within an alone different legal contextOn top of this, Pearce and Stevens7 convincingly argue that the case of Re Maddock8 is wholly inconsistent with Viscount Sumners view In this case, a testatrix, by her will, left her residuary estate absolutely to X whom she appointed one of her executors. By a subsequent memorandum communicated to X during her lifetime, she directed X to hold part of the residue upon trust for named beneficiaries. at that place were insufficient assets to make the debts of the estate. The legal issue was whether or not the secret beneficiaries took t heritor interest subject to the payment of the debts. Cozens-Hardy LJ argued that the so called trust does not venture property except by reason of a personal contract binding the individual devisee or legatee. If he renounces or disclaims, or dies in the lifetime of the testator, the persons claiming under memorandum discount take nothing against the heir at law or next of kin or residuary devisee or legatee. Viscount Sumners reasoning however suggests that since the trustee takes as trustee on the nerve of the will, the trust should not fail in the shipway suggested by Cozens-Hardy in the above dicta.The legal problems and inconsistencies with Viscount Sumners justification essential lead us to the conclusion that such trusts cannot be accounted for under the rules of inter vivos trusts we mustiness therefore accept that their cosmea does in fact hybrid a departure from the Wills Act 1837.This does not hold s till for that such a view is necessarily unjustified and outside the scope of Equitys jurisdiction after all, Equity is the court of conscience, and as the term old maxim states Equity will not allow a statute to be used as an locomotive of fraud. Therefore, if it can be demonstrated that the permission of semi-secret trusts is preventing such fraud, then, despite the legal problems and inconsistencies discussed above, we whitethorn dumb be able to find adequate justification for the existence of such trusts. As Vaughan Williams L.J. asserted, in the case of Re sin Rivers one hundred ninety29, the court will never give the go-by to the provisions of the Wills Act by enforcing all one testamentary disposition not expressed in the lick and form required by the Act, except in the prevention of fraud. clear therefore, whether or not this justification will apply to any minded(p) case depends upon which definition of fraud is subscribed to in that case. In McCormick v Grogan10, t he fraud being protected was that of the secret trustee it is only in clear cases of fraud that this doctrine has been appliedcases in which the Court has been persuaded that there has been a fraudulent inducement held out on the part of the apparent beneficiary in order to lead the testator to confide to him the duty which he so undertook to perform. The protection of this type of fraud has been held out, and confirmed in subsequent cases, to be the traditional justification for the existence of the doctrine of secret trusts. However, in the case of semi-secret trusts such as the type of trust at issue in the case of Blackwell v Blackwell such fraud is not possible the face of the will makes it quite clear that the secret trustee is not to take the property beneficially, and should the contents of the trust be denied by that trustee, the property would surpass to the estate by way of resulting trust. And yet in cases involving half-secret trusts, we can still see the courts emplo ying justification-arguments based on fraud. In such cases, a wider innovation of fraud has been employed it is not the personal fraud of the purported legatee, but a general fraud committed upon the testator and the beneficiaries by reason of the trouble to observe the intentions of the former and of the destruction of the beneficial interests of the latter.It was this argument put frontwards in the case of Riordan v Banon11 it appears that it would also be a fraud though the result would be to defeat the expressed intention for the eudaemonia of the heir, next of kin or residuary donee, and it was this passage which was cited by anteroom V.C. in the case of Re Fleetwood12, a case which was relied upon by Viscount Sumner in the formulation of his judgement It seems to me that, apart from legislation, the application of the principle of Equity in Fleetwoods case was logical, and was justified by the same considerations as in cases of fraud and absolute gifts. Why should equity forbid an honest trustee to give effect to his promise, made to a deceased testator, and compel him to pay another legatee, about whom it is quite certain that the testator did not mean to make him the object of his bounty?Challinor13 argues that the fraud theory has been extended in an artificial way in order to encompass a justification of half-secret trusts and the modern case law. A huge flaw exists in devising such an extension she argues that equitys willingness to respect a testators wishes where that testator has not met the formality requirements as stipulated by s9 of the Wills Act is inconsistent with its approach to other commonplace situations in which a testators wishes are not respected by Equity in the same way for example, purported beneficiaries under ineffective wills are routinely deprived of property which testators or settlers would desire them to have, simply because wills and trusts have not been put into effect in the proper manner. She argues that the trad itional equitable maxim that equity will not permit a statute to be used as an engine of fraud must be adapted to something more like equity will not allow a statute to be used so as to renege on a promise if it is to sound within the situations envisaged in Blackwell v Blackwell. The effect of such a wacky form of fraud theory is to shift the focus onto potential, rather than actual, mistake the policy aim underlying it is thus proactive (or preventative) rather than unstable (or curative).In conclusion therefore, Viscount Sumners view as to the enforcement of secret and semi-secret trusts is one which creates a number of practical problems. It gives testators a valid reason for not observing the statutory formalities normally applicable in reservation a will. These statutory formalities are in place for the real purpose of preventing personal fraud, and in light of this, it seems odd that Viscount Sumner should support a view which in itself gives testators the option of byp assing these precautions and thus increasing their risks to such fraud, peculiarly in light of the fact that the underlying justification in his viewpoint is one of ensuring that the testators true intentions are honoured. I must therefore conclude that in light of its legal problems and inconsistencies, the artificial nature of the fraud it seeks to prevent, the practical problems which arise as a result of acknowledging such trusts, the view expressed by Viscount Sumner in the case of Blackwell v Blackwell does not provide a sufficient justification for the acknowledgment of both fully secret and half secret trusts.BibliographyCritchley, Instruments of Fraud, testamentary Dispositions, and the Doctrine of Secret Trusts (1999) one hundred fifteen L.Q.R. 631Pearce Stevens, The Law of Trusts and Equitable Obligations (2nd ed., London, 1998)Conveyancer and Property Lawyer 2005. DEBUNKING THE fabrication OF privy(p) TRUSTS Emma ChallinorMoffat, Trusts Law Text and Materials 3rd ed Footnotes1 1929 A.C. 318, 3352 Megarry V.C in Snowden, Re 1979 2 All E.R. 172 at 177, expressing the same viewpoint as Viscount Sumner in Blackwell case3 Williams v C.I.R. 1965 N.Z.L.R. 3954 Permanent Trustee Co v Scales (1930) 30 S.R. (N.S.W.) 3915 Critchley, Instruments of Fraud, Testamentary Dispositions, and the Doctrine of Secret Trusts (1999) 115 L.Q.R. 631 at 635 and 6416 Cullen v Attorney-General for Ireland (1866) L.R. 1 H.L. 190 at 198, per Lord Westbury.7 Pearce Stevens, The Law of Trusts and Equitable Obligations (2nd ed., London, 1998), p.2228 Maddock, Re 1902 2 Ch. 2209 Pit Rivers, Re 1902 1 Ch. 40310 McCormick v Grogan (1869) L.R 4 H.L. 82 at 8911 (1876) 10 Ir. Eq. 46912 (188) 15 Ch.D. 594 at 606-60713 Conveyancer and Property Lawyer 2005. DEBUNKING THE MYTH OF SECRET TRUSTS Emma Challinor

Native American Oppression

Native American OppressionWhoever controls the past controls the prospective (George Orwell). Freedom b bely what is freedom? Many think of freedom as having a choice. It is what the linked States is supposedly fit out uped on. But is it re comp allowelyy? How galore(postnominal) people actu providedy set nigh the freedom to screw the oppression not through the eyeball of the conqueror, however the conquered? storey is not meant to be repeated, for it teaches us how to prevent. So why is it that we do not learn? The history of the Native Americans has never been a slightly integrity.Native Americans deem suffered and prolong been oppressed like n star other. What capital of Ohio did to the Arawaks of the Bahamas, Cortes did to the Aztecs of Mexico, Pizarro to the Incas of Peru, and the incline settlers of Virginia and Massachusetts to the Powhatans and the Pequots. Settlers were seeking religious and political freedom during their sp be-time activity they set th eir eyes on the new adult male. What is the point of freedom if one must subjugate others for it?The history of oppression, of the European invasion on the Indian settlements in the Americas begins five hundred years ago. That beginning is one of conquest, sla very, and death. When we tell the history books given to children in the United States, it all starts with heroic adventure, one where in that location was no bloodshed, and capital of Ohio Day is a celebration. Past the uncomplicated and high schools, there are wholly occasional hints of just aboutthing else, provided only a hint. Samuel Eliot Morison in his popular book Christopher capital of Ohio, Mariner, written in 1954, he tells ab protrude the subjugatement and the cleansing The cruel policy initiated by Columbus and pursued by his successors resulted in complete race murder. Samuel Eliot Morison did not lie about Christopher Columbus. But rather he rebooted the truth quickly and very subtly.On October 12, a s ailor called Rodrigo saw the early morning moon give off on white sands, and cried out. It was an is record in the Bahamas, the Caribbean Sea. The first while to sight land was to get a yearly pension of 10,000 maravedis for life, exactly Rodrigo never got it. Columbus claimed he had seen a light the evening to begin with. He got the reward. So, climb uping land, they were met by the Arawak Indians, who swam out to greet them. The Arawaks lived in village communes, had a developed factory farm of corn, yams, and cassava. They could spin and weave, but they had no horses or work animals. They had no iron, but they wore tiny gold ornaments in their ears.Arawak men and women full of wonder emerged from their villages onto the islands beaches and swam out to get a closer look at the strange bragging(a) boat, the likes of which they had never before seen. When Columbus and his sailors came ashore, carrying s intelligence agencys, speaking oddly, the Arawaks ran to greet them, bro ught them food, water, gifts. He aft(prenominal)ward wrote of this in his log They brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and many other things, which they interchange for the glass beads and hawks bells. They willingly traded everything they owned. They were well-built, with good bodies and transferome features. They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a sword, they likewisek it by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance. They have no iron. Their spears are do of cane They would make fine servants. With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.The gold ornaments would prove to have inglorious consequences as they would fuel the greed the Spanish had. Christopher Columbus coherent for slightly of them to be captured by force and dis protrude on board the ships. The main intent behind this was information about the location of gold. On the path back the Native Americans died aboard the ship when the wea ther dropped.The Indians, Columbus reported, are so naive and so free with their possessions that no one who has not witnessed them would believe it. When you ask for something they have, they never say no. To the contrary, they offer to appoint with anyone. He concluded his report by asking for a precise help from their Majesties, and in return he would bring them from his next hostile expedition as much gold as they need and as many slaves as they ask. He was full of religious talk Thus the perpetual God, our Lord, gives victory to those who follow His way all over apparent impossibilities.His second expedition was given seventeen ships and more than(prenominal) than twelve hundred men. The aim was displace slaves and gold. They went from island to island in the Caribbean, taking Indians as captives. But as word strewing of the Europeans intent they found more and more empty villages. On Haiti, they found that the sailors left hand behind at Fort Navidad had been kille d in a conflict with the Indians, after they had roamed the island in gangs looking for gold, taking women and children as slaves for sex and labor. When there was a possibility of making a profit God had no room in Christopher Columbus mind.Columbus sent expedition after expedition into the interior. They found no gold fields, but had to fill up the ships returning to Spain with some kind of divid terminate. In the year 1495, they went on a great slave raid, rounded up fifteen hundred Arawak men, women, and children, do them in pens guarded by Spaniards and dogs, then picked the five hundred devour up specimens to load onto ships. Of those five hundred, two hundred died en route. The rest arrived awake(p) in Spain and were put up for sale by the archdeacon of the town, who reported that, although the slaves were au naturel(p) as the day they were born, they showed no more embarrassment than animals. Columbus afterward wrote Let us in the name of the Holy Trinity go on sending all the slaves that can be sold.In the responsibility of Cicao on Haiti, where he and his men imagined huge gold fields to exist, they ordered all persons fourteen years or older to collect a received quantity of gold every ternion months. When they brought it, they were given shit tokens to hang about their necks. Indians found without a copper token had their hands cut off and bled to death.The Indians had been given an impossible task. The only gold or so was bits of dust garnered from the streams. So they fled, were hunted dispirited with dogs, and were killed.Trying to put unitedly an army of resistance, the Arawaks faced Spaniards who had armor, muskets, swords, horses. When the Spaniards took prisoners they hanged them or burned them to death. Among the Arawaks, mass suicides began, with cassava poison. Infants were killed to cede them from the Spaniards. In two years, through murder, mutilation, or suicide, half of the Indians on Haiti were dead. This was all in th e name of the holy trinity, and ordered by Columbus. The Arawaks were not the only Indians to suffer at the hands of European forces.The Aztec civilization of Mexico came out of the hereditary approach pattern of Mayan, Zapotec, and Toltec cultures. It built enormous constructions from stone tools and human labor, developed a written material system and a priesthood. It also engaged in the ritual violent death of thousands of people as sacrifices to the gods. The cruelty of the Aztecs, however, did not erase a certain innocence, and when a Spanish armada appeared at Vera Cruz, and a bearded white man came ashore, with strange beasts, clad in iron, it was thought that he was the legendary Aztec man-god, and so they welcomed him, with magnanimous hospitality.That was Hernando Cortes, sent from Spain, and blessed by the deputies of God, with one obsessive goal to find gold. For God, for Glory, and Gold. (Cortez) In the mind of Montezuma, the king of the Aztecs, there must have been a certain doubt about whether Cortes was indeed Quetzalcoatl, because he sent a hundred runners to Cortes, bearing enormous treasures, gold and silver work into objects of fantastic beauty, but at the same time begging him to go back.Cortes then began his march of death from town to town, using deception, turning Aztec against Aztec, killing with the kind of deliberateness that accompanies a strategy-to paralyze the will of the population by a sudden f flopful deed. And so, in Cholulu, he invited the headmen of the Cholula res publica to the square. And when they came, with thousands of strip retainers, Cortess small army of Spaniards, posted around the square with cannon, armed with crossbows, attach on horses, abattoird them, down to the last man. Then they looted the city and travel on. When their cavalcade of murder was over they were in Mexico City, Montezuma was dead, and the Aztec civilization, shattered, was in the hands of the Spaniards.In Peru, the Spanish conquistad or Pizarro, used the same tactics, and for the same reasons- the frenzy in the early capitalistic states of Europe for gold, slaves, and products of the soil. To pay the bondholders and stockholders of the expeditions which in turn financed the monarchical bureaucracies rising in Western Europe. Also to spur the growth of the new money scrimping rising out of feudalism, and to participate in what Karl Marx would later call the uninitiated accumulation of capital. These were the violent beginnings of an intricate system of technology, business, politics, and culture that would dominate the world for the next five centuries.In the North American English colonies, the pattern was set early, as Columbus had set it in the islands of the Bahamas. In 1585, before there was any permanent English settlement in Virginia, Richard Grenville land there with seven ships. The Indians he met were hospit competent, but when one of them stole a small silver cup, Grenville sacked and burned the whol e Indian village.Jamestown itself was set up inside the territory of an Indian confederacy, led by the chief, Powhatan. Powhatan watched the English settle on his peoples land, but did not attack, maintaining a posture of coolness. When the English were going through their starving time in the winter of 1610, some of them ran off to join the Indians, where they would at least be fed. When the summer came, the regulator of the colony sent a messenger to ask Powhatan to return the runaship canal, whereupon Powhatan, jibe to the English account, replied with no other than proud and disdainful Answers. Some soldiers were so sent out to take Revenge. They fell upon an Indian settlement, killed fifteen or sixteen Indians, burned the houses, cut down the corn growing around the village, took the queen of the tribe and her children into boats, then ended up throwing the children overboard and snap fastener out their Brains in the water. The queen was later taken off and stabbed to death . xii years later, the Indians, alarmed as the English settlements kept growing in numbers, apparently decided to try to wipe them out for good. They went on a rampage and massacred 347 men, women, and children. From then on it was total war.Not able to enslave the Indians, and not able to live with them, the English decided to exterminate them. Edmund Morgan writes, in his history of early Virginia, American Slavery, American Freedom Since the Indians were better woodsmen than the English and virtually impossible to track down, the method was to feign peaceful intentions, let them settle down and plant their corn wherever they chose, and then, just before harvest, fall upon them, killing as many as possible and glowing the corn Within two or three years of the massacre the English had avenged the deaths of that day many times over.The lies of American narration are too many to tell. Christopher Columbus wasnt a hero but a murderer, and the pilgrims didnt have the fairy tale relat ion with the Indians.When the Pilgrims came to New England they too were coming not to vacant land but to territory populate by tribes of Indians. The governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, John Winthrop, created the excuse to take Indian land by declaring the area legally a vacuum. The Indians, he said, had not subdued the land, and therefore had only a natural flop to it, but not a civil right. A natural right did not have legal standing.The Puritans also appealed to the Bible, Psalms 28 Ask of me, and I shall give thee, the heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the estate for thy possession. And to justify their use of force to take the land, they cited Romans 132 Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation.The Puritans lived in un clean cease-fire with the Pequot Indians, who occupied what is now southern Connecticut and Rhode Island. But they wanted them out of the wa y they wanted their land. And they seemed to want also to establish their rule intemperately over Connecticut settlers in that area. The murder of a white trader, Indian-kidnaper, and bad hat became an excuse to make war on the Pequots in 1636.So, the war with the Pequots began. Massacres took place on both sides. The English developed a tactic of war used earlier by Cortes and later, in the twentieth century, even more systematically deliberate attacks on noncombatants for the purpose of terrorizing the enemy. This is ethno historian Francis Jenningss interpretation of master key John Masons attack on a Pequot village on the obscure River near Long Island Sound Mason proposed to avoid attacking Pequot warriors, which would have overtaxed his unseasoned, unreliable troops. Battle, as such, was not his purpose. Battle is only one of the ways to destroy an enemys will to fight. Massacre can accomplish the same end with less risk, and Mason had determined that massacre would be hi s objective. As Dr. cotton fiber Mather, Puritan theologian put it It was supposed that no less than 600 Pequot souls were brought down to hell that day.The war continued. Indian tribes were used against one another, and never seemed able to join together in fighting the English. Jennings sums up The terror was very real among the Indians, but in time they came to meditate upon its foundations. They drew three lessons from the Pequot War First, that the Englishmens most solemn pledge would be broken whenever bargain conflicted with advantage Second, that the English way of war had no limit of incredulity or mercy and third that weapons of Indian making were almost unreal against weapons of European manufacture. These lessons the Indians took to heart.Was all this bloodshed and deceit-from Columbus, Cortes, Pizarro, and the Puritans-a necessity for the human race to come up from savagery to civilization? Was Morison right in burying the story of genocide inside a story of human progress? Perhaps a persuasive argument can be made-as it was made by Stalin when he killed peasants for industrial progress in the Soviet Union, as it was made by Churchill explaining the bombings of Dresden and Hamburg, and Truman explaining Hiroshima. But how can the judgment be made if the benefits and losses cannot be balanced because the losses are either unmentioned or mentioned quickly?To strain the heroism of Columbus and his successors as navigators and discoverers, and to de-emphasize their genocide, is not a technical necessity but an ideological choice. It is certainly the choice which most make. The easy acceptance of atrocities as a deplorable but necessary hurt to pay for progress (Hiroshima and Vietnam, to save Western civilization Kronstadt and Hungary, to save socialism nuclear proliferation, to save us all)-that is still with us. One reason these atrocities are still with us is that we have well-read to bury them in a mass of other facts, as radioactive wast es are buried in containers in the earth. We have learned to give them exactly the same correspondence of attention that teachers and writers often give them in the most respectable of classrooms and textbooks. This learned sense of moral proportion, coming from the apparent objectivity of the scholar, is accepted more easily than when it comes from politicians at press conferences. It is therefore more deadly. Not to mention more widespread.The treatment of heroes and their victims, and the quiet acceptance of conquest and murder in the name of progress, is only one aspect of a certain approach to history, in which the past is told from the point of view of governments, conquerors, diplomats, leaders. It is as if they, like Columbus, deserve universal acceptance, as if they-the Founding Fathers, Jackson, Lincoln, Wilson, Roosevelt, Kennedy, the leading members of Congress, the famous Justices of the Supreme Court-represent the nation as a whole. The pretense is that there authent ically is such a thing as the United States, subject to occasional conflicts and quarrels, but essentially a community of people with common interests. It is as if there really is a national interest represented in the Constitution, in territorial reserve expansion, in the laws passed by Congress, the decisions of the courts, the development of capitalism, the culture of education and the mass media. on that point is no justification for oppression and genocide. There can be no mission directly from God which destroys an entire culture. No legal enrolment or moral law will ever be abundant to justify it. While the people may die the rancor left behind wont perish. For it will be documented in history. The line up history of the world is all of the peoples stories not just the conquerors. Whoever controls the past controls the future (George Orwell).A hunch backed bison. Proud and majestic. Now bowing. Arched over him, United States of America hangs above. Flip, reflect. A profil e. A man with pride, feathers in his hair. Branded. 1936. The word liberty hangs in front of him. Taunting. He does not see it. His eyes are downcast. To notice it would be shortsighted. For what do he and his descendants know of liberty? Their relation with it is maintained with reservations. Primitive concentration camps. Ironic. Little the Great Compromiser today of the bison and the Indian. Confined to obverse and reverse. Looking past each other in opposite directions. To the air, the empty air. Dreaming of days, long gone, many moons ago.Works CitedAngelis, Gina De. Francisco Pizarro and the conquest of Inca. Philadelphia Chelsea House Publishers, 2001.Bandelier, F. Hernando Corts. Catholic Encyclopedia. family 20, 2003. .Bowden, Thomas. The Enemies of Christopher Columbus Answers to Critical Questions About the col of Western Civilization . The Paper Tiger, 2003.Corts, Hernn, Marqus Del Valle De Oaxaca. Britannica 2002 Deluxe Edition CD-ROM. September 20, 2003Crivelli, Ca millus. Francisco Pizarro. Catholic Encyclopedia. September 23, 2003 .Fisher, Mark/Richardson, Kristi. Francisco Pizarro. Carpenoctem. 20 Sept. 2003Fisher, Mark/Richardson, Kristi. Hernando Cortes. Carpenoctem. 20 Sept. 2003Francisco, Michael. Cortes Speech. Escondido tutorial Service. 20 Sept. 2003 .Gibson, Charles. Cortes, Hernando. The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago World Book Inc., 1997Jennings, Francis. The usurpation of America Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest. Ney York Norton library, 1975.King James Version. Bible.Marx, Karl. The Communist Manifesto. London , 1848.Orwell, George. iterate DB. . 20 Nov. 2009 .Pizarro, Francisco. Britannica 2002 Deluxe Edition CD-ROM. September 20, 2003Powhatan Indian Tribe History . Access Genealogy. 20 Nov. 2009 .

Thursday, March 28, 2019

Huntingtons Disease :: essays research papers

Huntingtons DiseaseBackgroundHuntingtons disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease that givesrise to progressive, elective (localized) neural cell death associated withcholeric movements (uncontrollable movements of the arms, legs, and face) anddementia. It is one of the more common inherited principal disorders. About 25,000Americans have it and another 60,000 or so will lend the defective gene andwill develop the disorder as they age. carnal deterioration occurs over aperiod of 10 to 20 years, commonly beginning in a persons 30s or 40s. The geneis dominant and frankincense does not skip generations. Having the gene means a 92 share chance of getting the disease. The disease is associated with increasesin the length of a CAG trine repeat present in a gene called huntingtonlocated on chromosome 4. The classic signs of Huntington disease are progressivechorea, rigidity, and dementia, frequently associated with seizures. Studies &Research Studies were make to determ ine if somatic mt deoxyribonucleic acid (mitochondria DNA)mutations might contribute to the neurodegeneration observed in Huntingtonsdisease. piece of the research was to analyze cerebral track levels in thetemporal and frontage lobes. Research hypothesis HD patients have significantlyhigher mtDNA deletionlevels than agematched controls in the frontal and temporallobes of the cortex. To test the hypothesis, the amount of mtDNA deletion in 22HD patients brains was examined by serial dilution-polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and compared the results with mtDNA deletion levels in 25 age matchedcontrols. Brain tissues from three cortical regions were taken during an autopsy(from the 22 HD symptomatic HD patients) frontal lobe, temporal lobe andoccipital lobe, and putamen. Molecular analyses were performed on genetic DNAisolated from 200 mg of frozen brain regions as depict above. The HDdiagnosis was confirmed in patients by PCR amplification of the trinucleotiderepeat in the IT 15 g ene. One group was screened with primers that includedpolymorphism and the other was screened without the polymorphism. by and by heatingthe reaction to 94 degrees C for 4 minutes, 27 cycles of 1 minute at 94 degreesCand 2 minutes at 67 degrees C, tests were performed. The PCR products weresettled on 8% polyacrylamide gels. The mtDNA deletion levels were quantitatedrelative to the total mtDNA levels by the dilution-PCR method. When thepercentage of the mtDNA deletion relative to total mtDNA was used as a marker ofmtDNA damage, most regions of the brain accrued a very petty amount of mtDNAdamage before age 75. Cortical regions accrued 1 to 2% deletion levels betweenages 80-90, and the putamen accrued up to 12% of this deletion after age 80.

Wednesday, March 27, 2019

We Must Protect Animals from Needless Experiments Essay -- Argumentati

We Must Protect animal(prenominal)s from Needless ExperimentsPicture this Researchers place a dog in a device called a shuttle nook which consists of a box divided into two compartments separated by a barrier. Hundreds of intense galvanic shocks are delivered to the dogs feet through a grid floor. At first the dog is able to escape the shock by saltation across the barrier, but then the barrier is replaced by a persona of plate glass. The dog is tested again and, as expected, tries to jump everyplace the barrier, but instead he smashes his head into the glass. The researchers observe that the dogs reaction to his situation includes such symptoms as defecation, urination, yelping and shrieking, trembling, and attacking the apparatus. aft(prenominal) ten or twelve days the dog ceases to resist the shocks. The determination of this experiment is that a combination of the plate glass barrier and invertebrate foot shock was very effective in eliminating jumping by dogs (Singer 36) . No medical benefits emerged from this experiment, yet this same experiment continues to be carried out by other researchers. In fact, every 24 hours in this country, about 200,000 creatures founder in the name of medical and scientific progress, some in experiments analogous the one just described (Satchell 4). Many of these experiments are repetitive and unnecessary. sexual congress needs to pass a law preventing cruel and unnecessary experimentation on animals. The fleshly Welfare Act was passed in 1966, the only federal official law that directly defines the rights of animals. The act sets standards for lab animals living conditions but sets no regulations on actual experimentation. The act was amended in 1970, setting standards for the transportation, housing, and handling of animals sold as p... ...ce 14 October 1988 185-186. Huges, Jane. Raining Cats and Dogs. National Review 23 July 1990 35-38. Marcus, Erin. New Research Methods Seem Unlikely to Eliminate Animal Testing. majuscule Post 28 August 1990 A3. Morrison, Adrian R. and Dominick P. Pupura. Legislative Shift on Animal Research. BioScience March 1990 172. Rosenberger, Jack. Whose Life Is it Anyway? New York 15 Jan 1990 30-31. Satchell, Michael. Do They Have Rights? Parade 13 January 1985 4. Scharmann, Wolfgang. Ethical Aspects of Animal Experimentation. Fox 89. Singer, Peter. Animal Liberation. 2nd ed. New York New York Review of Books, 1990. United States. United States Codes. 72131, 1988. Weiss, Rick. Test Tube Toxicology. Science News 16 January 1988 42. Wright, Robert. Are Animals concourse Too? The New Republic 12 March 1990 20-22, 26-27.

Television Violence Essay -- essays research papers fc

Television force out and its make on viewers has been a controversial issue for many years. around viewers believe that at that place is an increasingly large amount of personnel on television and this widespread public concern has "led to calls for stricter controls on the depiction of forcefulness in programmes" (Gunter and McAleer 199092). Exactly how oftentimes violence is there on television though? Many cultivation theorists have examine this, acquiring data in the form of content analysis. They agree on a commentary of a violent act, for example Gerbner in his subject field used the definition, "an overt expression of physical force against self or other, compelling action against ones will on pain of being hurt or killed, or actually hurting or killing" (Gunter and McAleer 199094). This is an physical object definition that cigarette then be used to count the cast of violent acts in whatever is being observed. Halloran and Croll (1972) used this technique to establish the amount of violence on British television in simile with that of American television. For one week in April 1971, they observed the news, fictional drama, period affairs and documentaries on BBC1 and ITV Midlands and counted the number of violent incidents exploitation Gerbners definition of violence. It was found that on average, 56% of British programmes contained some violence with four-spot incidents of violence per hour. This was in comparison with American television which contained some septet incidents of violence per hour and where it was considerably more prevalent than on British television (Gunter and McAleer 199097). Focusing now on British television and violence, we can analyse Guy Cumberbatchs research on television violence in 1987. He looked at all types of television programme focussing on four separate weeks between May and September 1986. alone four channels were reviewed, totalling 1412 hours of television (930 BBC programmes a nd 1146 ITV and channel four programmes). He found, using his own definitions of a violent act, that 30% of all programmes contained some violence with an average of 1.14 acts of violence per programme (Gross 1992455). It was also found that there was much more violence on television after 9pm and that violence was out of date in childrens television programmes other than cartoons. It has been questioned however whether the violence in cartoons should actually b... ...er factors have also shown to be authoritative in this deliver and effect relationship between television violence and violent behaviour. such(prenominal) factors as age, gender, parental influence and amount of viewing contribute to how influential television violence is on an individuals behaviour. Findings are calm however inconclusive in this debate, although a large proportion of the tell apart does appear to strongly favour the hypothesis that viewing violence on television does have an effect on a viewers violent behaviour. As a Washington Post article states "the preponderance of evidence from more than 3000 research studies over 2 decades shows that the violence represent on television influences the attitudes and behaviour of children who watch it" (Oldenburg 1992 cited at http//maple.lemoyne.edu/hevern/ericdig.html). BibliographyCondry, J. (1989) The Psychology of Television. raw(a) Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum. Gross, R. (1992) Psychology The Science of Mind and Behaviour. London Hodder and Stoughton. Gunter, B. and McAleer, J. (1997) Children and Television. London Routledge. train Evra, J. (1990) Television and Child Development. New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum.

Tuesday, March 26, 2019

Everything You Need to Know about Vitamins :: Science Biology

Everything You Need to Know about VitaminsVitamin, every(prenominal) of the organic compounds required by the ashes in small amounts for metabolism, to protect health, and for proper growth in children. Vitamins overly assist in the organization of hormones, blood cells, nervous-system chemicals, and genetic material. The various vitamins ar not chemically related, and most(prenominal) differ in their physiological actions. They generally act as catalysts, corporate trust with proteins to create metabolically active enzymes that in turn produce hundreds of chief(prenominal) chemical reactions throughout the body. Without vitamins, many of these reactions would slow down or cease. The complex ways in which vitamins act on the body, however, argon still outlying(prenominal) from clear.The 13 well-identified vitamins argon classified according to their ability to be captive in fat or water. The fat-soluble vitamins-A, D, E, and K-are generally consumed along with fat-containing foods, and because they can be stored in the bodys fat, they do not have to be consumed every day. The water-soluble vitamins-the eight B vitamins and vitamin C-cannot be stored and must be consumed frequently, preferably every day (with the exception of some B vitamins, as noted below).The body can manufacture only vitamin D all others must be derived from the diet. Lack of them causes a wide range of metabolic and other dysfunctions. In the U.S., since 1940, the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council has published recommended dietetical allowances (RDA) for vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Expressed in milligrams or international units (IU) for adults and children of ruler health, these recommendations are useful guidelines not only for professionals in nutrition just now also for the growing number of families and individuals who eat irregular meals and rely on brisk foods, many of which are now required to carry nutritional labeling.A well-balance d diet contains all the necessary vitamins, and most individuals who follow much(prenominal) a diet can correct any previous vitamin deficiencies. However, persons who are on special diets, who are suffering from intestinal disorders that prevent normal absorption of nutrients, or who are pregnant or lactating whitethorn need particular vitamin supplements to bolster their metabolism. Beyond such real needs, vitamin supplements are also often popularly believed to offer cures for many diseases, from colds to cancer but in fact the body quickly eliminates most of these preparations without absorbing them. In addition, the fat-soluble vitamins can block the effect of other vitamins and even cause monstrous poisoning when taken in excess.

A Poverty Stricken Paradise - Original Writing :: Papers

A Poverty potty Paradise - Original Writing On arrival in a small village called Wamba in Northern Kenya, the first thought that touch me as I stepped out of the Land Rover was the intensity of the noontide sun blazing down upon me. As I took in the sights rough me, a huge crowd of inquisitive children appeared from their huts and flocked towards the vehicle. So many an(prenominal) prosperous faces in such a deprived village. This image will enlistment in my mind forever. To experience what life was really like in this small, but highly populated village, I stayed in a raw material hotel among the villagers. The hotel was not a five star, luxury hotel, but was simply a bed and an integrated shower and squat toilet. For the villagers this would have been luxurious, as they lived in mud huts using whatever discarded plastic materials they could find to execute as a roof. For me, this was like taking a trip bear to the St oneness Age. Everything was so basic. The most extraordinary view was one childs favorite toy. This was not some computer game, but an old car tyre. The pauperisation that these population were enduring was overwhelming, yet they were so happy with what little they had. The smiles on their faces were there constantly, even though they may not have eaten for many days due to the continuing drought that was affecting the area. When I asked one woman how she coped with not eating for so long, she replied, When I feel hungry, I tighten my belt. This was horrific to hear, but for her it was a way of life. Because of the ongoing drought, piss was becoming very scarce. To such an extent that their beloved cows and goats, which were their get of wealth, were starting to die, leaving their owners with no food and no milk to drink. This leaves the people frail, but they are still both physically and mentally strong. The surpass example that showed this was one small boy, around twelve years old, carrying a

Monday, March 25, 2019

The Destruction of Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays

The Destruction of Macbeth In the jump of the play, The tragedy of Macbeth, Macbeth is merely a nobleman and a Scottish general in King Duncans army. Macbeth later becomes the deserving Thane of Glamis and Cawdor and the undeserving King of Scotland (Dominic 255). In the beginning Macbeth is a man with dear intentions and a good heart sometimes he just has a hard time following his good instincts and heart. Macbeths ambition and the persuasion of his wife lead him to commit several dreadful deeds. Macbeth is brave, good-hearted, disobeying, easily persuaded, overly-ambitious, and literal-minded and unimaginative (Scott 281). Throughout the play, Macbeth is a character who shows extreme bravery. The endorser can see his bravery through his efforts and victories on the battle field. The police chief speaks of Macbeths bravery when he is describing Macbeths triumph over Macdonald and his strong forces, But alls too rachitic,/For brave Macbeth - well he deserves that name-/ Disdaining Fortune, with his brandished steel/Which smoked with bloody execution,/ give care Valours minion carved out his passage . . .(I.i.5). The captain then goes on to make out how Macbeth and Banquo fought successfully through an assault of fresh Norwegian troops. Macbeth is obviously a loyal general who fights hard and with courage for his country. Macbeth displays his bravery when he kills Duncan and Duncans devil guards. Killing someone is in itself a brave act. In ordain to actually go through with the act of murdering somebody takes much courage. Murdering a person is an act which requires bravery to commit, but it also requires bravery to submit the consequences if one is caught. Another instance of Macbeths bravery is when Macbeth fights... ...l him. Just because three witches secure Macbeth of his future, does not mean it is a true prophesy (Scott 281). All in all, Macbeth is a good man who is too easily persuaded by his wife to commit several awful deeds. Macb eths ambition and disobedience gets him killed. It is true that Macbeth is granted a prophesy to be King, and it is true that pressure is applied by his wife, but his ambition is what kills him in the end. Macbeth is a brave, good hearted man, who possesses a weak mind which allows his ambition and the persuasion of his wife to lead him down the ill-timed paths, ultimately leading to his destruction. Works Cited Dominic, C. Catherine. Shakespeares Characters for Students. Detroit - New York - Toronto - London Gale Research, 1997. Scott, W. Mark, ed. Shakespeare for Students. Detroit - Washington, D.C. Gale Research, 1992.

An American Epidemic :: essays research papers

An American EpidemicIn modern times, nobody who reads the newspapers or watches television can avoid the chilling fate that our republic faces. tutor violence is a rapidly growing trend in America, and it seems to be there is nothing we can do to stop it. The offenders are from completely races and social curriculumes. They range from the high give instruction hero to the high school dropout. It often seems the only thing they have in common is an babble disregard for their take life and the lives of others. In the following accounts, taken keen from American headlines, harrowing events fit for blockbuster fiction prove that our country is becoming victim to a new criminal youthful rage.In generations past, the high school rebel was the male child either the girls wanted and all the boys wanted to be. He was the star in the leather jacket who went to class only to make snide remarks, drove too fast, and talked too slow. restrain forward to the end of the twentieth centur y, and the high school rebel is the boy who students ignore, the one who sits in the back of the classroom and never talks, wears all fateful and keeps to himself. He is the last student anyone would fear, merely probably the most dangerous. He doesn&8217t want to take advantage of those who are smaller than him, but wants to seek vengeance on those who have hurt him, basically everyone. He, in fact, is sometimes a she.Of course, offenders can&8217t be classified into one group. Many times it is the last person you would ever imagine. That is the way it happened for Chester Jackson, a Detroit high school football star. Chester was a seventeen-year-old hero, a senior who had reached inspired status due to his work for the school football team. But if you aim his high school friends of their memories of Chester, they will not remember him running tear d have got the football field, but running down the hall, trying to save his own life. Like so many students, Chester found it amus ing to tease the underclassmen. curiously a fourteen-year-old freshman boy that was unable to defend himself when Chester and his friends pushed him in his own locker and secured the combination lock for three consecutive classes. That was the event they place made the boy snap. He brought a gun to school the coterminous day, and even with all of his football training, Chester could not run fast nice to save his own life.