Information Technology And Some Infrastructure Challenges Information Technology Essay

Information Technology And Some Infrastructure Ch wholeenges Information Technology EssayTo successfully implement an teaching technology infrastructure into an governing body, it is critical that all levels act as and plan together, and that the planning performed be proactive and strategic. Some components of the infrastructure whitethorn require an upgraded or be deleted how forever, nearly components whitethorn non. Certain training about heightenment strategys, interaction, and processes, erst collected, organized, and comprehended, cigaret form an essential component of infrastructure which willing outlive umpteen of the upgrades to equipment and softw be. The focus of this paper is to explain what managerial roles does information system support, how has the Internet improved provision chain problems, list and describe the components of IT infrastructure that firms need to manage, name and describe the management challenges posed by IT infrastructure, and finally define open-source softw ar. course RolesManagers continue to perform critical roles in todays organizations. They dumbfound a wide renewal of responsibilities ranging from decision devising, compiling data, do reports, to coordinating meetings. To understand managerial role bettor, we must look at both the classical and contemporary models of managerial behavior.Classical ModelHenri Fayol was one of the around significant hand overrs to modern excogitations of management, having stated that the five primary functions of management were planning, organizing, coordinating, deciding, and controlling (Rushing, 2010). Fayol believed management theories could be developed and then taught. Henri Fayol proposed that it is important to have unity of command. This concept that suggests there should be only one supervisor for each person in an organization. Fayol also suggested that management is a common human activity that applies evenly well to and organization as it does to a fa mily. This type of management theory was basically unchallenged from the 1920s through 1990s. The terms associated with Fayols management theory were of a formal nature rather than describe what a manager actually does in the performance of his job (Laudon Laudon, 2006).Contemporary ModelsThe contemporary behavioral scientists had discover that managers do not typically behave as the classical models had first implied. Behavioral models state that actual behavior of managers appear to be little(prenominal) systematic, more than informal, less reflective, more reactive, less well organized, and virtually(prenominal) more frivolous than students of information systems and decision making generally expected it to be (Laudon Laudon, 2006, p. 87). Analyzing managers daily behaviors, Henry Mintzberg discovered that these actions could be classified into 10 managerial roles. Managerial roles can be described expectations of duties that should be performed by a manager in an organiza tion. Mintzberg discovered that these roles could be broken down into three categories social, informational, and decisional.Interpersonal RolesIn general, interpersonal roles will be established by the type of position you hold in an organization. For example, dismantle level managers will have dissimilar interpersonal roles than middle management. The Interpersonal roles of a manager can be broken down into three categories figurehead, leader, or a liaison.Figureheads within an organization speak for their companies to the outside world and carry out symbolic duties such as passing out awards to employees (Rushing, 2010). Additionally, there are numerous administrative tasks and they are also in the public and professional limelight. As a leader you are responsible for ensuring a safe and cultivable environment for your employees. The development of your department and your employees lies on the figureheads shoulders and they must be able to promote growth while at the same tim e steering clear(p) of conflict. As a liaison you must be prepared to correspond with others. Liaisons not only report to upper management but will have to work with peers from other factions within an organization such as vendors, and even clients. The liaison is responsible for knowing who to get in touch with to get to the hobo of any situation.Informational RolesA monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson are the three informational roles that a manager may assume (Hartman, n.d.). These informational roles are forced as a resultant role of enacting the set of interpersonal roles already described. A network of interpersonal contacts with both subordinates and individuals outside the work unit serves to establish the manager as an informational nerve center of the unit, responsible for gathering, receiving, and transmittal information that concerns members of a specific department.A manager takes on the monitor role by constantly scanning the environment for information or act ivities and events that may identify opportunities or threats to the organization. Much of the managers gathering of information is accomplished through the network of contacts established through the interpersonal roles. The information a manager gathers as a monitor must be evaluated and transmitted as appropriate to members of the organization. The transmittal of information by a manager activates the disseminator role. Privileged information may be disseminated to subordinates, peers, or superiors in the organization. Occasionally, a manager must take on the role of a spokesperson by speaking on behalf of the department to people inside or outside the organization. This might postulate lobbying for critical resources or appealing to individuals who have influence on activities that affect the work unit (Wren, 2005).Decisional RolesBoth interpersonal and informational roles are genuinelyly preludes to what are a lot considered to be a managers most important set of roles the d ecisional roles of entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiant (Laudon Laudon, 2006).The entrepreneur role comes into action when the manager seeks to improve the work unit (Rushing, 2010). This can be accomplished by adapting new techniques to fit a particular(prenominal) situation or modifying old techniques to improve individual or free radical activity. Managers usually learn of new or innovative methods through information pull together in the monitor role. Whereas the entrepreneur role establishes the manager as the initiator of careen, the disturbance handler role establishes the manager as a responder to change. Organizations, unfortunately, do not run so smoothly that managers are never called upon to respond to unwelcome pressures. In these cases, the manager is required to act quickly to bring stableness back to the organization. When a manager is placed in the position of having to decide to whom and in what quantity resources will be dispe nsed, the resource allocator role is assumed. Resources may include specie, time, power, equipment, or people. During periods of resource abundance, this role can be easily performed by a manager. In most cases, however, organizations operate under conditions of resource scarcity thus, decisions on the allocation of resources can be critical for the success of the work unit, division, or organization. As a decision get downr, the manager must strive not only to appropriately match resources with subordinates but also to ensure that the dispersal of resources is coordinated to effectively complete the task to be performed (Rushing, 2010). In totalition to decisions concerning organisational changes, disturbances, and resources, the manager must enact a negotiator role. The process of negotiation is possible only when an individual has the authority to commit organizational resources. Hence, as managers be given up the managerial hierarchy and obtain control over more resources, they become more involved in the negotiator role.Supply Chain chargeSupply chain management (SCM) combines the art and science that goes into improving the way an organization discovers the components it needs to make a product or service and set up it to its guests (Laudon Laudon, 2006). The idea of Supply Chain commission is built around two principal ideas. The first is that just about every product that reaches a customer represents the collective effort of multiple organizations. Together these organizations are referred as the supply chain. The second idea is that although supply chains have been around for a spacious time, many organizations have only paid attention to what was happening within their own organization. Few businesses unders in any cased and managed the entire chain of procedures that eventually delivered products to the final customer. The result was disorganized and often ineffective supply chainsInternet and Supply ChainsSupply chains in almost every bu siness are at the start of a startling reinvention produced by the growth of the Internet. The change extends beyond performance advancements and efficiencies acquired from computerization and communication to incorporate brand new possibilities to shape value. This new value results from coordinated supply chains that can extend to larger markets and shape goods and services to meet the customers needs and new products and services that go under to the highly competitive and increasing environmental needs. The Internet alters the way in which supply chains are managed, designed and controlled. The information, choices and practices that form Supply Chain Management are shifting to the Internet, breaking old ideas and widening company boundaries. This common ground will be where entire supply chains truly can be synchronized. New unknown specialist providers of both virtual and physical activities will create their own exclusive roles in the new infrastructure. In this ever changi ng environment, supply chain capabilities will be essential. But gaining those crucial competitive resources will not take place through the typical supply chain ideas of today (Challenges facing supply chain management, 2008).Internet Technology for Integrating Business ProcessesInformation technology (IT) has always been utilized to handle exchanges of goods, services, and information between organizations. With the arrival of Internet-based business-to-business (B2B) electronic markets, on the other hand, real opportunities for online transactions have begun to open up (Samson, 2010). The emerging internet was definitely an unpredictable development. tout ensemble the same, important operating(a) criteria such as reliability, local structures and robustness always came to the fore. As a result, utilisers had the opportunity to get access to a highly operational international data network that stays operative even in case of a breakdown of some single nodes. One important vie w of globalization is concentration. As a logical consequence, international companies have to merge or to collaborate with each other to meet the requirements for a global distribution of their goods and services. In a networked economy, these enterprises are bound to unseal some parts of their IT infrastructure to allow the engaged parties an exchange of product and accounting data as well as current status information in order to sustain the supply chain. Furthermore, employees need improved business applications with enhanced functionalities to manage their all-day work. These applications refill existing legacy systems by degrees. Long-ranging, these enhancements result in a heterogeneous network of computers and applications, as all those components require each other and have to be consolidated. In the context of integrating distributed business application systems, the vision of redundancy and robustness was not resumed consequently A changing business environment results i n new technical developments and increasing demand of IT supported execution of business processes (Needle, 2009).IT InfrastructureInformation technology infrastructure can be defined as the tangible hardware used to link computers and users (Laudon Laudon, 2006). Infrastructure may include transmission media and other instruments that direct transmission paths. Infrastructure can also lie in of the bundle that is used to send, receive, and manage transmitted signals.Additionally, infrastructure can refer to interconnecting hardware and parcel package and not to computers and other devices that are interconnected. On the other hand, to some IT users, infrastructure is regarded as every intimacy that maintains the continual flow and management of information. IT infrastructure today is comprised of seven major components computer hardware platforms, operating system platforms, enterprise software applications, data management and storage, networking/telecommunications platforms, internet platforms, and consulting and system integration services (Samson, 2010).Computer Hardware PlatformsThe physical part of the computer is referred to as the computer hardware. This includes the digital circuitry, which is dissimilar than the computer software that executes within the hardware (Laudon Laudon, 2006). The hardware of a computer is rarely changed as compared to the computer software and data, which are soft in the consciousness that they are quickly created, tailored or deleted from the computer. The microprocessor is the core of any computing device. The two major companies that manufacture most microprocessing chips are Intel and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). ideal tests of the AMD chip alongside the Intel Celeron chip have shown that the AMD chip was better in performance.Operating System PlatformsAn operating system is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs in a computer. The oth er programs are called applications or application programs. The application programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface (API). In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface such as a command language or a life kindred user interface (GUI) (Greer, 2009).Enterprise Software ApplicationsThe goal of enterprise software applications is to integrate applications into seamless processes throughout an organization. The two most popular applications in this group are customer relationship management and supply chain management systems. Business processes that have traditionally been optimized for internal efficiency can now add the element of superior customer service, tailored to each customer, inspiring the skills of trained agents in the call center. Back office processes are greatly improved with better information from the customer. Additionally, agents can slowl y abate the flow of paper, in favor of more efficient communication avenues such as e-mail and the web (von der Weth Starker, 2010). info Management and StorageOrganizations are collecting increasingly more data on its customers, employees, and even the organization itself. Being able to manage and storing the data so that it is readily genial and supply meaningful information to the organization is developing into a discipline in and of itself (Laudon Laudon, 2006). Storage area networks (SANs) provide an organized, cost-effective way to combine data from across any system within the organization. Online users want direct access to data and SANs assistant organizations with a way to provide it.Networking/Telecommunications PlatformsAs we continue towards a completely digital world, networking and telecommunications platforms will get to merge together. Instead than having a platform for networking computers and devices and a separate platform for telecommunications, we will b egin to see businesses providing a combination of computers and peripheral devices, handheld PDAs telephone services, cell phone services, and wireless services all packaged together into one. A unnumerable of telecommunications companies have already merged with Internet service providers to provide complete digital service packages (Eren, Subasi, Coskun, 2008).Internet PlatformsThe Internet and subsequent technology continue to develop the services businesses are able to offer their employees, customers, suppliers, and other business partners (Laudon Laudon, 2006). Intranets and extranets constructed on Internet technologies provide businesses an easy and economical way of providing services that were extremely high-priced just a few years ago.Many small and medium-sized businesses are using Web hosting services instead of purchasing new hardware necessary to support Web sites, intranets, and extranets. Its more cost effective and easier to have these service-providers manage hardware, software, and security issues, leaving the organization to concentrate on its primary processes.Consulting and System integration ServicesSystems used in many large organizations are so complicated that its almost impossible to manage them by alone. Integration services offered by the companies like IBM and Hewlett-Packard are essential in keeping up with all the changes. In various ways it makes more sense for a company like Nike to focus on its core processes of making sports apparel and let a company like IBM take care of the technology issues.These services become more vital as many organizations combine their old legacy systems with newer technologies such as wireless networking. The old legacy systems merely cant be thrown away but must work flawlessly with todays newest technologies. Some organizations prefer not to completely replace legacy systems because its not cost effective, requires large amounts of training, and causes too much change in the organization. Its simpler to use middleware and other technologies to combine new and old systems (Schmidt, Otto, Osterle, 2010).Management ChallengesDeveloping and managing a sound IT infrastructure raises multiple challenges making wise infrastructure investments, coordinating infrastructure components, dealing with scalability and technology changes, and management and governance.Infrastructure InvestmentsJust like investments in home remodeling often fail to provide a significant return on investment (ROI), it is frequently the case with investments in superior IT infrastructure components. IT Managers are constantly under the gun to decrease costs in order to fund new projects or to meet cost-reduction goals. Managers should make decisions to prevent overspending on component parts of the organizations computer systems. For example, high reliability storage, will offer little value if matched with servers or network connections of set out reliability. A string of high reliability component s may surpass the necessities of the service they support. whatever time the performance of any component notably goes above the requirements the incremental savings is pointless (Laudon Laudon, 2006).Coordinating Infrastructure ComponentsTodays organizations develop IT infrastructures by choosing a variety of wholesalers, people, and technology services and fit them together so that they work as a whole (Samson, 2010). Because each part of the whole IT infrastructure has its own priorities, managing them conjointly can be quite difficult. Some components of infrastructure will need to be upgraded or are subject to upgrade or replaced, as is with most components of computing systems. However, some components are not. Specific information about information systems and associated processes can form an essential component of infrastructure which will outlive many upgrades of equipment or software.Dealing with Scalability and Technology ChangesIn general terms, scalability refers to t he ability of a system to maintain, if not improve, its average performance as the number of clients grows (Laudon Laudon, 2006). As an organization continues to grow, it can quickly out grow its infrastructure. On the other hand, if an organization downsizes, they may be stuck with an infrastructure that is too big and expensive to keep running. all(prenominal) component of the infrastructure has some kind of management or operational overhead associated. Therefore, it is imperative that the organization recognizes these changes and takes appropriate actions to keep the organization moving forward.Management and GovernanceOne of the most vital tasks for successful information management is developing the business governance over its program and related projects (Wren, 2005). Governance will apply a priority to the often-conflicting organizational pressures. It will take organizational plans and goals and help to form them into bounded endeavors. However, many organizations battle to get their governance programs up and running. They cant acquire interest, and they are in need of ideas to discuss after the initial objective is created.Information Systems and Ethical IssuesInformation systems introduce new and often complex ethical issues (Carroll Buchholtz, 2006). This is very true today because of the challenges created by the Internet and e-commerce to the safeguard of privacy and intellectual property. New ethical issues caused by vast use of information systems include creating accountability for the consequences of information systems, establishing standards to safeguard system quality that look after the safety of individuals and society, and upholding values and establishments considered vital to the quality of life in an information world. Whether you manage your own company or work in a large business, youll be facing these issues, and youll need to know how to handle them.Open-Source SoftwareOpen-source software (OSS) is computer software that is created by a cooperation of several thousand programmers worldwide (Chan Husted, 2010). Some open source software is accessible within the public domain. The term open-source software was derived as part of a marketing campaign for free software. Open-source software is based on the premise that it is superior to commercially produced proprietary software because thousands of programmers around the world working for no pay can read, perfect, distribute, and modify the source code much faster , and with more reliable results , than small teams of programmers working for a single software company (Laudon Laudon, 2006, p. 209).AdvantagesOpen-source software experts have identified several advantages and disadvantages. The come upon advantage for an organization is that open-source software is an excellent way for companies to attain better market penetration. Organizations that present open-source software are able to create an industry standard and, therefore, gain an advantage ove r its competition. Additionally, it has helped create loyalty to the developers. In turn, the developers feel a sense of empowerment and ownership of the end product. Furthermore, less marketing and logistical services costs are required for OSS. Also, it helps organizations to keep up on of all technology developments. Another advantage is that it is an excellent dent to market an organizations image, incorporating its commercial products. The open-source software development method has produce reliable, high quality software rapidly and at a much lower cost. Likewise, it offers the promise for a more adaptable technology and quicker improvement. The mix of different perspectives, business objectives, and personal goals helps speed up innovation. Additionally free software can be developed in concurrence with entirely technical requirements. Open-source software does not entail considering about commercial demands that tends to degrade the software quality (Chan Husted, 2010).Dis advantagesOn the other hand, it can be argued that the open-source development process may not be as clear and that some system testing and documentation may be overlooked. Nonetheless this is usually only true for smaller jobs. Bigger, successful jobs tend to define and impose, as a minimum, some rules because they are needed to ensure good teamwork. In the most complex projects these rules may be as strict as reviewing even minor change by two independent developers.Even though many companies like IBM and Sun Microsystems support open source software there are no great financial interest involved. A majority of the developers and advocates of free source software tend to believe in an unrealistic society that does not involve intellectual property rights Therefore most of the applications are not dependable and you cannot run essential business operations on them.Another disadvantage is that once you choose to use open-source software you are on your own. Although there is a lot o f help available on the Web, there is no real skilled support available. Basically, you have to learn how to install and use applications on your own, without damaging your data and hardware. There are no documents and manuals made available to help you since the software is being constantly being changed (Chan Husted, 2010).An additional drawback is that most of the open-source applications are not compatible with some of todays devices (Chan Husted, 2010). For example, there is no such thing as plug and play hardware when you are using open-source operating systems. Occasionally it is hard to get modems to work with open source operating systems.Finally, technical support is more expensive compared to commercial software (Chan Husted, 2010). People who offer support for open-source software count on earning lots of money to provide support and in fact this is the only income model alleged in support of the open source software movement.

Obfuscated Data Storage For Cloud Environment

Obfuscated Data Storage For demoralize EnvironmentRavi Pandey, and Kamlesh Chandra PurohitAbstract. Data storehouse service is one of the most attractive services provided by the cloud service provider. Despite the benefits of cloud computing threat to info confidentiality, integrity and availability may stop the selective data owner from switching to a cloud environment. Handing over the entropy to a third ships company to store and manage may generate information security issues as owner of the data dealnot deploy its own security policies in storage service providers premises. A storage service provider may misuse the customers data. In a cloud environment data is stored in the service providers premises so there should be a mechanism which hides meaning of the data from the service provider or any other unauthorized entity. In this paper, we propose a mechanism which utilizes slightly animate schemes like erasure correcting code, AES, SHA256 and some new techniques to achieve data security guarantees against any unauthorized entity.Keywords Data storage service, cloud computing, erasure correcting code, AES, SHA256.1. IntroductionCloud computing technology, which is popular for its pay as you go model attracts enterprises and individuals to host their data in a cloud environment. Based on results from IDCs 2012 North American CloudTrack Survey more than 30% of organizations expect that at heart five years, the majority of their IT capability will be delivered through public cloud services and that within three years, they will access 45.5% of IT resources through some form of cloud public, private, or hybrid. As Cloud Computing has advantages for both providers and users, it is developing in an amazing pace and predicted to grow and be adopted by a large amount of users in the near future 1.Cloud storage is an grave service of cloud computing, which allows data owners (owners) to move data from their local computing schemes to the cloud 2. T he storage space requirement is increasing every day as rate of data generation is very high. According to IDC Digital Universe Study, June 2011, In 2011, the amount of information created and replicated will surpass 1.8 zettabytes (1.8 trillion gigabytes), growing by a factor of nine in just five years. Thats nearly as some bits of information in the digital universe as stars in the physical universe. Various surveys show that the issue of data security is highest among clients who wish to switch their data in the cloud. existent encryption schemes call security guarantee for data while traversing in the network, where data resides for very short time. In case of data stored in a cloud environment, data resides for a long time in the service providers storage premises, so the service provider or its any employee can judge brute force attack to get information from the clients stored data.In a cloud environment there can be some internal attackers like employee of service provid er who can behave dishonestly. Some applications stored by other client on the same waiter may be malicious which try to access data of other clients. Although it becomes difficult for an external attacker to attack intended data as in cloud where data is stored is not known to attacker but they can try to attack any random data.Therefore, client expects a secure network in which client can upload data, an honest service provider and a third companionship auditor who can take responsibility to check integrity of data stored in cloud server.This paper is extension of our previous paper . Here we will explain proposed scheme in more detail and we will lose it the complexity of our algorithm.2. System ModelCloud storage auditing system consists of three entities client, cloud server and third political party auditor. Client is the owner of data to be stored in cloud. Client generates the data to be hosted in cloud and can access, modify or delete the data to be hosted. Cloud stora ge server stores the data and provides mechanisms to access, modifying or deleting the data.Fig. 1. Cloud data storage architecture.Storage servers are geographically distant located, data is redundantly stored in multiple servers for security reasons. ternary party auditor is an authorised system to check integrity of data storage. Data flow in between any pair of entity happens in encrypted form. We know that system is prone to internal and external attacks other issues like hardware failure, software bugs, networking may also impact the system. We believe that, the third party auditing scheme, proposed by many researcher with some modification can make the whole cloud storage environment more reliable and secure.3. Design GoalIn Existing scheme get a line problem is that data stored in cloud data storage server is in meaningful manner. Our design goal is to obfuscate data before uploading it to the cloud server. After that we utilize existing data encryption techniques and has hishing algorithm for providing user authentication and ensuring data integrity.4. Proposed Work4.1. Data Obfuscation algorithmic ruleLet F be the private institutionalize, which is to be uploaded in the cloud environment. (we can see file F as an array of bytes from 0 to Flength.) accept a key K, an array of 10 digits from 0 to 9 without any repetition.Initialize 10 files f0,f1,f2,f3,f9., we call them file parts.For each(prenominal) byte Fi of file F, calculate j= i %10For each j, look for Kj and append Fi byte on fKj component.Figure 1. Demonstration of the file F, which is to be uploaded in the cloud environment.Figure 2. Demonstration of the key K.Figure 3. Demonstration of the file component fj.4.2. Program Code for data obfuscation algorithmProgram code in python for splitting file in components.count=0n=0path=Iabcdkhol = open(path,rb)clone1=open(I115,wb)clone2=open(I116,wb)clone3=open(I117,wb)clone4=open(I120,wb)clone5=open(I121,wb)clone6=open(I123,wb)clone7=open(I124,wb )clone8=open(I125,wb)clone9=open(I126,wb)myL=clone3,clone5,clone2,clone7,clone1,clone9,clone4,clone8,clone6byte=startwhile byte=byte = khol.read(1)n=count%9count=count+1if byteif n==0clone=myL0clone.write(byte)elif n==1clone=myL1clone.write(byte)elif n==2clone=myL2clone.write(byte)elif n==3clone=myL3clone.write(byte)elif n==4clone=myL4clone.write(byte)elif n==5clone=myL5clone.write(byte)elif n==6clone=myL6clone.write(byte)elif n==7clone=myL7clone.write(byte)elif n==8clone=myL8clone.write(byte)elsebreakkhol.close()clone1.close()clone2.close()clone3.close()clone4.close()clone5.close()clone6.close()clone7.close()clone8.close()clone9.close()Program code in python for regenerating main file from components.clone1=open(I115,rb)clone2=open(I116,rb)clone3=open(I117,rb)clone4=open(I120,rb)clone5=open(I121,rb)clone6=open(I123,rb)clone7=open(I124,rb)clone8=open(I125,rb)clone9=open(I126,rb)recover=open(Iabcd,wb)myL=clone3,clone5,clone2,clone7,clone1,clone9,clone4,clone8,clone6byte=startwhile by te=if bytefor x in myLbyte=x.read(1)recover.write(byte)elsebreakclone1.close()clone2.close()clone3.close()clone4.close()clone5.close()clone6.close()clone7.close()clone8.close()clone9.close()recover.close()4.3. Erasure Correcting CodeAfter division of File F in 10 components, we use erasure correcting code to achieve data availability against byzantine failure. Erasure coding (EC) is a method of data shelter in which data is broken into fragments, expanded and encoded withredundantdata pieces and stored across a set of different locations or storage media. Erasure coding creates a mathematicalfunctionto describe asetof numbers racket so they can be checked for accuracy and recovered if one is lost. Referred to aspolynomial interpolationor oversampling, this is the key concept behind erasure codes. In mathematical terms, the protection offered by erasure coding can be represented in simple form by the following equation n = k + m. The variable k is the original amount of data or sym bols. The variable m stands for the extra or redundant symbols that are added to provide protection from failures. The variable n is the amount of money number of symbols created after the erasure coding process. For instance, in a 1016 method six extra symbols (m) would be added to the 10 base symbols (k). The 16 data fragments (n) would be spread across 16 drives, nodes or geographic locations. The original file could be reconstructed from 10 verified fragments.4.4. Component Encryption (AES)Now we can encrypt each file component with AES using 128 bit, 192 bit, or 256 bit key for encryption.4.5. Token Generation(SHA256)We calculate hash function SHA256 for every data component H(fi)=xi. TheSHA algorithm is a cryptographic hash functionwhich produces a 64 digithash appreciate. We use this token as a challenge token for auditing the storage server. Third party auditor keeps token value of each encrypted file component. File components are identified by a random_number generated b y the client. Size of random_number depends on the requirement of the storage space by the client.4.6. Database descriptionAfter uploading files in the data storage server the client can delete the files in its local machine. Client keeps database of each file which contains file name, AES encryption password , file distribution password. Besides this for each file client keeps database for file component of that file. It contains random_number associated with each file component.Third party auditor keeps clients id, random_number associated with file components and challenge token corresponding to each component.Storage server stores client id and file component named with random_number generated by the client.5. Third Party auditingTPA sends random_number to the cloud storage server.On receiving this random_number, cloud storage server calculates hash function of corresponding file component.Storage server encrypts this hash value with a shared key among TPA and storage server and sends encrypted hash value to TPA.TPA matches this received value with its database.If the stored hash value of a file and received hash value are same then file component is stored correctly, otherwise TPA sends alert message to the corresponding client of that file.6. Algorithm AnalysisIn this section, we evaluate the complexity of the proposed scheme under the section 4.1. We took files of size 10 kb, 100 kb, 1000 kb and 10,000 kb for analyzing time complexity of the algorithm. Using time function of python we majored repeatedly the time of execution of proposed algorithm. We anchor that time of execution linearly (O(n)) depends on the size of file. Similarly, we majored time of execution at the time of regeneration of file from its components, and we found that time of regeneration of file is also linearly (O(n)) depends on file size. After execution of algorithm we found that total size of file components generated from the file to be uploaded is equal to the size of original file. In this way proposed scheme do not impose any extra storage burden.7. ConclusionTo guarantee cloud data storage security, it is essential to hide meaning of data from all the third party entities like storage service provider and third party auditor. This is only possible when owner of data obfuscate the file to be uploaded in its own machine before uploading. The scheme which we have proposed ensures that information stored in the file cannot be pick uped by the third party auditor and storage service provider. Hence, clients file is safe from both internal and external attackers. Utilization of existing scheme erasure correcting code ensures security against byzantine failure and use of random_number associated with file components together with secure hash algorithm allows third party auditor to audit file components without sharing any information which can help storage service provider to interpret the meaning of stored file.ReferencesAgrawal, R., Srikant, R. Fast Algo rithms for Mining Association Rules. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Databases. Morgan Kaufmann, Santiago, Chile, 487-499. (1994)Garcia-Molina, H., Ullman, D. J., Widom, J. Database Systems The Complete Book. Prentice Hall, bran-new Jersey, USA. (2002)Wang, X., Bettini, C., Brodsky, A., Jajoida, S. Logical Design for Temporal Databases with Multiple Granularities. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, Vol. 22, No. 2, 115-170. (1997)Bruce, K. B., Cardelli, L., Pierce, B. C. Comparing Object Encodings. In Abadi, M., Ito, T. (eds.) Theoretical Aspects of electronic computer Software. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1281. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 415438. (1997)van Leeuwen, J. (ed.) Computer Science Today. Recent Trends and Developments. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1000. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York (1995)Ribire, M., Charlton, P. Ontology Overview. Motorola Labs, Paris (2002). Online. Available htt p//www.fipa.org/docs/input/f-in-00045/f-in-00045.pdf (current October 2003)

The Roaring Twenties and The Savings and Loan Crisis :: American History Economics

The Roaring Twenties and The Savings and Loan Crisis The movie Its A Wonderful Life starts off in the town of Bedford Falls in the time period just prior to the Great Depression. (I will discuss the Great Depression in more spot in a later essay). It is a prosperous time-the Roaring Twenties. Many people have invested money in the stock market and are earning kinda a bit of money, there are many parties had by all with music, food and drinks, and good company and fun. There are also an abundance of inventions (such as the radio) being introduced into the economy. Furthermore, more people are able to afford such luxuries as telephones, electricity, transportation, etc During this time, in general, a lot of exchange seems to be occurring, as intumesce as overall rapid technological change. This time period is also associated with the rise to dominance of the capitalist system, as more and more people were changing from being self-employed farmers to becoming employees who were paid a wage for their labor time. Another characteristic associated with the 1920s is the growth and expansion of the monetary sector. This of course makes sentiency and seems justified and logical as, in order for the business sector to expand, access to capital (monetary resources) is necessary so that machinery can be bought and labor be purchased and employed. The financial sector (banks) took the household savings which were deposited and then loaned them out to big businesses. The big businesses were then able to continue expanding and improving and hiring people, and thus this helped to perpetuate the prosperous economical environment of the 1920s. The Buildings and Loan, as shown in the movie, (the same as what we refer to as the Savings and Loan Industry) was instituted so that individuals (not corporations) might borrow money to build homes. Therefore, where individuals were previously unable to borrow funds, they now could through this institution. This also see med to help spur along the prosperous environment of the 1920s-at least for a while. In 1929 when the financial markets collapsed, corporations could no longer afford to purchase new machinery or pay for more workers. Workers could not afford to purchase things because they were not making enough money from their wages. This diminish in demand further caused the companies to stop producing goods and to lay off more workers.

British Identity and Literature Essay -- European Literature Identity

British Identity and LiteratureWhat does it mean to be British? Britains field identity has evolved and transformed over the years. Through the works of Phyllis Wheatley, Aphra Ben, William Shakespeare, Daniel DeFoe, Coetzee and Caryl Phillips we have explored the different meanings and aspects of British identity. Britishness is not just confined to England (or the United Kingdom in new-fangled times), Britishness extends far beyond the nation. Britishness is not a simple concept and is complicated by the existence of many British colonies all over the world. The colonized citizenry of the British colonies also have claims on Britishness. So what determines if an individual is British or not? Is it ones religion? Is it the way one speaks? Is it just the difference of clamber color? Is it ones appearance and dress? Is it based on citizenship? Is it ones knowledge of social norms of England? The colonized people of British colonies defied many of those above. The Britishness of th ese people did not just cuss on their language, their appearance, their citizenship and at many times their understanding or application of social norms to their life yet their claim on Britishness, them demanding their claim on British identity is as legitimate as any. So if not on these basic characteristics, that define national identity, on what is the Britishness of the colonized people based on?An important part of the formation of British identity within the colonized people lies in their interaction with the British that came from England to colonize them. Interaction with the British in general depended on language and the colonized individuals ability to speak English. For most their ability to learn the language depends on their masters ge... ...w claim their British idenity, yet in the kickoff of the colonizing process they had to prove their Britishness. Their ability to speak the language, understand the culture and adopt the religion were all ways they could claim their Britishness. The strong influence of the British in their colonies was inevitable because if people live together, there will be interaction and that will lead to the exchange of ideas. This exchange of ideas lead to the development of a British identity among the colonized. This exchange wasnt one-sided as this interaction lead to the British discovering, understanding and sometimes adopting the ideas of the people in their colony. Yet the claim of the colonized on British identity was not considered legitimate in the colonial times and was only recognized years later when the notion of racial superiority was or so obliterated.

Andina Bottling Company Case Essay -- Business Cola Products Latin Ame

Andina Bottling Company Case Andina is a major distributor of Coca-Cola products in Latin America. The market for soft bedevils is very agonistic in Latin America. The dominate brands are not necessarily Coca-Cola or Pepsi brands. For a company to succeed in the distribution and manufacturing of soft drinks in Latin America, they take away to be efficient. The plants need to work at capacity or close to it. The distribution too has to be logical. It is not worth it for them to sell to less(prenominal) populated mountain areas. The point of the new system that Andina is introducing is button to make sales, distribution, and manufacturing easier. The three countries are going to share their information with each other. rule dining table and the rest of the system will be successful if Andina can convince each country that they can trust it. Andina is doing a good job of onerous to unite the three subsidiaries through Control Panel. For Andina to succeed in the bottled drinks manufacturing and distribution business, they need to be the most efficient that they can be. There are many a(prenominal) bottled drinks in Latin America. There are many knock-offs of Coca-Cola as well. Andina is facing a lot of competition. They need to make sure that they are selling to a larger audience and not to a smaller one. There is no point in concentrating a large amount of your sales force on a mountain area or one that is spread out over some distance unless there is a large population that the drink is marketed to. If the mountain region makes up less than 5% of the companys sales, they should try to focus on a much populated area with more of a target market. In the case, it talks about how this happened in Argentina. They had 25,000 clients that accounted for only 3% of their sales, (10). The distribution costs were incredibly high on these customers. The smaller clients were raising their distribution costs because delivering a case here and a case there adds up. When it comes to manufacturing, the company needs to make sure that they have enough outputs for the demand. too the sales force needs to target the correct market. If the sales force focuses on a market with low consumption, their sales are not going to be as good as a market with high consumption. With the implementation of the new system and control panel, Andina is trying to bring their company together. T... ...elped solve.In order for Control Panel to work fully, Andina corporate needs to convince their Brazilian subsidiary that the Control Panel is here to help not contuse them. Also it seems like a case of the managers being afraid of losing their jobs to other managers such as one from Chile. The corporate headquarters needs to reassure them that Control Panel is not a way to fire the employee but there to help them do their job more effectively and efficiently. Maybe a grooming session with the employees could help boast their confidence in the syste m. For the managers in Brazil, they could hold like a managers retreat and inform them of how useful the whole system and it components are. They could also try to reassure them that they will not be losing their jobs because of the implementation of the new system.Andina is making a very good effort to combine their company. They seem to be willing to work with each subsidiary to try and make the manufacturing and distribution processes easier. They need to continue to take the path they are currently on. They also need to keep reassuring their subsidiaries that this new system and all it components are there to help not destroy.

Physics of Car Racing Essay -- physics sport sports racecar car race r

This paper is a look at the natural philosophy behind simple machine racing. We look look at how we can use physics to select labours, how physics can help predict how much traction we will have, how physics helps modern cable cars get there extreme speed, how physics lets us predict the power of an engine, and how physics can even help the driver find the quick way around the track.Tires are the most important part of race or any car for that mater. (Physics of Racing) After all they are the solely matter that is contact with the ground Tires work by having a high coefficient of friction. Some slicks have a friction coefficient grater then 1 (Physics of Racing) Typical normal channel tires have coefficient of about .5 to .6 . In physics we learned that friction was equal to mew times the normal mash. Since race cars are typical much luminousness then normal cars, they use tricks to increase the downward force on the tires. Some drag tires run really low pressure, oth er drag cars agate line the car to lift the front wheels to put all the weight on the rear tires. Indy cars use a wing to generate down force, and ventures to suck the car to the ground. (How to Make Your Car Handle)Take a look at a good example of a slick and a normal street tire. The infinitesimal holes on the slick are to check how much slick is left on the tire, since tires tend to ware on the edges faster. The gaps in the normal tires allow the tire to transfer water away from the tire, so the tire can make contact with the road. Goodyear makes a slick that is grooved for racing in the rain, but only crazy (Indy, F1) people do thatThe circle of traction is a important racing concept with applications from physics. From newtons equation f=ma we know that the more force we apply to an o... ...turn, so you will end up off the track between points a and b. Because of this, many a(prenominal) racing teams use a program called rars. (Physics of Racing) It has many popular tracks, and different styles of racing, and cars. It shows how the cars take the tracks, and has little lines for the apex. This can help the driver find the line.RefrencesAll Physics equations are quoted fromPhysics for Scientices and Engineers 5th EditionSerway and BeichnerHarcourt, citadel Worth 2000Going Faster Mastering the Art of Race DrivingThe Skip Barber Racing SchoolBentley Publishing, Cambridge 1997How to Make Your Car HandlePuhn, FredHPBooks, natural York 1981Chassis EngineeringAdams, HerbHPBooks, New York, 1996The Physics of RacingBeckman, Brianhttp//www.miata.net/sport/Physics/2002Auto Math HandbookLawlor, JohnHPBooks, New York, 1992

Death in Dickinsons I heard a Fly Buzz When I died Essay -- Emily Dic

Death in Dickinsons I hear a fly buzz when I diedEmily Dickinsons poem I heard a fly buzz when I died is a reflection on what go alongs when one dies. In the poem, the loudspeaker system is waiting to die. It seems as though they are expecting something spectacular to happen at the moment of their death. This spectacular concomitant they are expecting does not happen.I heard a fly buzz when I diedBy Emily DickinsonI heard a fly buzz when I diedThe stillness round my formWas like the stillness in the air amidst the heaves of storm. The eyes beside had wrung them dry.And breaths were crowd sureFor that last onset, when the kingBe witnessed in his power. I willed my keepsakes, signed awayWhat portion of me ICould make assignable,--and thenThere interposed a fly, With blue, uncertain, stumbling buzz,Between the light and meAnd then the windows failed, and thenI could not see to see.The speaker describes their situation on their deathbed. The sense of stillness in the air means tha t the speaker thinks something important is about to happen when they die. Their mood is very solemn, and the still air brings a feeling of tension. There is not yet a mention of the afterlife, retributive the speaker waiting for death. The stillness is described as between the heaves of storm, referring to the calm that sometimes occurs between storms. This is a very quite almost cool stillness, but there is a sign of more things to come. In this case, death is the storm they are waiting for after the calm. The speaker is expecting a big event to happen. As the speakers loved ones begin to mourn, there is a feeling that they too were gathering around to witness some spectacular event that would ... ...There is no braggart(a) flash of light, no loud noises, just the simple buzzing of a fly. Seeing death as a vivid passing places man sanction in constitution. There is no amazing flash of light, or deafening noise, or grand revelation. The choice of a fly as the i nterrupting entity reinforces the anti-climactic nature of death. humanity passes into death the same as anything else in nature. The blue, uncertain, stumbling buzz of the fly implies that not even the buzz of the fly was meant to recognize the death of the speaker. The fly buzzes by because that is the nature of the fly. It did not stop its life for the death of the speaker. This can be seen as nature (the fly) realizing that death is not some incredible event, but a natural passing. Nature moves on, accepting the dead back into the earth. This reinforces that death, even the death of a human, is a simple passing.