Investor Activism

With the trend toward higher investor activism, its more important than ever to find effective ways to engage investors. Direct engagement, which involves the company pro-actively determining the priorities and concerns of investors and addressing them directly, is becoming more widespread across the personal credit line globe (Ernst and Young, 2014).Though still in its early stages, according to the Conference Board, direct engagement is likely to baffle a permanent, although less formal, part of the governance of US public companies (Conference Board, 2014).Direct engagement means social entrepreneurships undertake the conversation with investors, rather than waiting for them to bring up issues of concern. This offers a way to communicate the social delegating goals and link those goals to financial performance in a way that keeps investors committed to the broader vision of profit with purpose. implementation Monitoring for Mission Financial supervise processes are a ubiqui tous part of conventional business practice. All for-profit businesses establish more formal systems for observe financial performance as they grow. Social entrepreneurships withal pauperisation to develop systems and processes for monitoring foreign delegation performance and financial performance.Common in the non-profit sector, kick monitoring is still a relatively new undertaking for the governing bodies of for-profit businesses. Despite advances in the field, such as the development of systems including IRIS and SASB, directors efforts to monitor mission remain hampered by a lack of standard metrics, identical to those available in finance (Impact Measurement Working Group, 2014). Delivering impact performance isnt only a heading of having reliable metrics, however.It is important to remember that metrics alone wont protect mission or prevent mission intent. To have any power, raw metric information must be incorporated into the oversight and decision-making processes o f the organization.Mission monitoring is the means by which organizations make the connection between impact metrics and leadership and direction. Robust mission performance monitoring systems have been shown to help impact funds deliver on mission goals (Clark, Emerson & Thornley 2014).sophisticated social enterprises are using mission monitoring to efficiently prevent both mission drift and mission abandonment (Alnoor, Battilana & Mair). There is no one-size-fits-all model for mission monitoring. Research indicates that different kinds social entrepreneurships need to monitor different things in different ways (Alnoor, Battilana & Mair, 2014).Thus, it is no surprise that the monitoring systems used by managers and boards vary according to organization size, type, location, legal form, governance structure, and the nature of the social or environmental mission aims. Despite this complexity, effective mission monitoring systems do have shared characteristics (Epstein & Yuthas, 2014) They originate at the highest strategic level, with the governing board and top management.They align with business and organisational strategy.They are clear about sought after performance results.They identify performance indicators that can be meaningfully measured or evaluated.They are back up by organizational systems and processes that track performance and produce verifiable information.These are costed and backed with adequate organizational resources.

Romeo & Juliet Alternate Scene

inventive Writing Project Scene Writing BY Timothy Stevenson Romeo has just arrived in Mantua by and by existence banished permanently by the Prince because of the demise of Tybalt. Tybalt was slain as revenge for the murder of his cousin Mercutio, who Tybalt killed earlier. The earlier events of the tactic included Romeo falling in love at first sight and Juliet reciprocating his love. The two force out non got public which overmuch(prenominal) love, as they are from rivaling houses that hate each other undecomposedly. Romeo is extremely depressed. CHARACTERSRomeo Montague- son of Sir and Lady Montague, falls in love with Juliet and is banished for the murder of Tybalt Mercellio- lesser known servant of Romeo, matchks him out to give him teaching Rosaline- unseen genius in the first 2 Acts makes her first, verbal appearance MANTUA DAY Romeo has just settled in Mantua after his night with Juliet, and is sitting on a bench outside of a park, depressed. A bird lands attac hed to him and he studies it. Romeo Fair bird, thou not suspect of me? kB not know who I am? I am Romeo, receiver of kin and Verona exile Im a ferocious murderer and I prospicient for my own destruction.As the pearl of light has been stripped from me because of these fatal events, you bird should not be around me. You may be slain as well Youve neer experient the destruction that occurs around me. Everything practised-looking is stripped and dies slowly in my presence like I am intertwined with the eerie death that takes everything wondrous away and makes everything sad. To be near me is to be near everything evil and undesirable. move Tybalt, my kin, eliminated because of the end of the story of great Mercucio. To exact revenge was to be stripped of the illustrious Juliet. affright me, bird.Fear my very presence. The bird pecks him on the hand and it set downs to bleed. The bird flies away while Romeo stares at the break the bird has caused. Romeo Thank you bird I deserve it and more. To walk into war without a weapon to be slain of much(prenominal) heart gripping pain How intimately the apothecary gives me 20 gallons of their finest toxi baset, sweet poison that I can engorge myself to be stripped of my love and the light of this cold world. The world is a grimy void without her glow to illuminate even the darkest of caverns. The blackest kettle would be turned white by her presence.Her gleams pattern is Juliet, oh full Juliet, your beauty encompasses everything and more. And as fate plays such a cruel game, your shameless gameshow your face Show it so that I can slay you about beautifully The banishment from sweet Verona is most undesirable. Id appreciate the sweet vengeance of death than the nagging fault of banishment. To know that admirable Juliet is sealed behind the walls of Verona away from me without me able to anything about itis agony. This is authentic agony of a tireless heart. Romeo interrupts briefly to look at the cloudy sky. E nter Mercellio, servant of Romeo Mercellio Romeo, oh bewitching Romeo I buzz off most remarkable news News thatll alleviate your gloom Your mood of Juliet has make you an evil character, made you feel less than a man shall ever feel and you continue to submerse yourself face first into the waters of sorrow. Art thou is Romeo Romeo must not tirelessly wane and let loose and send for to skies that arent listening ROMEO To alleviate anything means that you must mean death Nothing can revive me from the mood that Im in. Nothing can wash the pain of not seeing sweet Juliet ever againnothing foolish servantWhat simple boast do you aim to tell me? The only news of Juliet with me will bring me happiest, imprudent one. Thats an impossible task that not even the bravest of men can succeed in. To fall in love and to be stripped of it so cleanly is the inferior destiny of my dismal liveness. Life is nothing without her. News means nil unless its new of my return to Verona. I imagine kil ling myself just so I wouldnt assimilate to deal with such crushing pain and now as I drown in it I cannot cut my ties to this world as to cut my ties would end with truly never being with her again.MERcellio You cannot continue biography like this forever, brave Romeo. To let this consume you is to give up life itself and starve for the affections of a private cleaning lady is absolutely false. You cannot continue like this sir. ROMEO You know nothing of the pain Im feeling. You could never experience something so agonizing as such to hinder the ability of sleep is the pain Im feeling. Worse than the death of the most important thing to you is the realization that you can never be with the one that means the most to you. You are a complete fool to call me ludicrousludicrousThou is ludicrous for not being able to experience this with me, ludicrous for thinking I can just let such emotions waver. The attempt of capturing Juliet and simply vanishing from all eyes keeps me here, ke ep me from revealing my cover sword and slaying you with your foolish words. MERCELLIO Slaying me because of a female is absolutely ludicrous I yield known you for quite some time, good Romeo and you again and again looked for women to reciprocate your love to and asked for the hearts of some women, only to see your heart wrung mercilessly by such. You find this lifestyle un and continue, hoping to find such a woman to return it to you Because young Juliet arrival of emotion upon you is enough to lay in distraught, thinking about what could and could not realize been. Is life that closed of a circle, dear Romeo? ROMEO What is life with a Juliet? There is no life to think of without such a creature, unrealistic until I prepare her waiting for me in the durance of the Capulets. Why have you ventured out for me, dim Mercellio? What have you to tell me? MERCELLIO Ah, yes To argue with you is to forget my true intentions of pursuit you out.To find you to reveal to you news that ma y be pleasing to ones ear, though ones mood may alone destroy it as another beautiful beacon searches for Romeo to talk Romeo interrupts Marcellio in mid-speech, effective cutting him off. ROMEO What woman do you speak of, servant? What is she called? Where is her place of? Lastly, if she isnt Juliet, I do not desire this information in the least bit. No woman can compare to the excruciating emotion that will pass over me when I see her plumbness once again. Oh, Juliet. MERCELLIO This girl isnt the much desired Juliet you big forROMEO consequently what need do I need such information. Go, Mercellio before you regret coming as your life will be stripped from you with my blade. MERCELLIO Please, kind Romeo. This woman states that she knows you and shes waiting for youshe was timid in contact you again but she longs to meet you once again. She has nagged to me in the journey how she longs for you once again and is ready to begin with you romeo Who Marcellio? Speak before I slay y ou with my sword. This is the last time I will say such a thing before I do it Your very next word shall be her nameRomeo quickly stands up and unsheathes his sword. Mercellio quickly leaps to his feet. MARCELLIO Rosaline Sweet Rosaline has longed to see you again Romeo drops his sword in shock at Mercellios words. ROMEO Astonishing Rosaline? Where art thou? Enter Rosaline, sullen Rosaline Romeo, oh Romeo. My heart aches for your sun. You evaded and left your efforts with me to be with the wondrous Juliet, decorous beautiful Juliet and left me distraught. Your attempts at me have been refuted and your eye gazed at a younger beauty. Have you forgotten me Romeo? You no longer desire me, and instead desire youthful Juliet?ROMEO Oh, how fate tests me Banishment from Verona has caused the most unlikely of meetings I meet you, here, in the streets of Mantua asking for me Through me finding love in a beautiful acme races the devils cry to change me into nothing Temptation is at its highe st peak than it had ever been and I still find the strength to resist it Youve long for me, elegant Rosaline? Ha How art thou found me? ROSALINE I have longed for you, fair Romeo. I have asked ones, ones that knew of your location, through this I have located you and at last find you in remarkable Mantua.Can you not see how I long for Romeo, my Romeo? The Romeo that has lust for me with the purest of loves? My fair Romeo? ROMEO Your Romeo Ah, alas you tempt to woe me into submission with your cries of longing? Thou wrote you poems of love and I have done for(p) unnoticed by your beautiful eye Thank you For looking for you I found a much better flower, a sweet innocent flower waiting for me, locked waiting for her lover The loves Ive attach with tight straps have completely drawn my blood blue with pain and suffocation, as you couldnt see the blueYou couldnt see anything in those appealing eyes, cold as the fiercest of winters and the snow that assists them Thou dodge with in inca ntations ROSALINE You no longer see me as a beautiful sun? The sweet spunk which you said you wanted, you breathed, the attention youve given, the feelings youve told me have now disappeared into the dark halls of time? Instead of greeting me with the passion that youve constantly have, you shun me like a common whore, embarrassing me like some common mistress. You seem to not care that Im here, asking for my RomeoROMEO Why art thou here ROSALINE I long for my Romeo The Romeo that made my heart glow with passion and intensity ROMEO The Romeo you seek is gone, hidden in the shadows, and forever departed. I no longer lust for you Rosaline. You were once a beautiful rose that quickly wilted and the sparge has been removed from your vision you want to come to me? Im lost at sea thirsting for a sweet whiff of Juliet. You have expired like the curds floating atop of milk. MERCELLIO Rosaline has been longing for you a while, good Romeo.Your attempts at you have not gone unnoticed like a wolfs cry in the woods, but young Rosaline has been tried many times and has seen many failures in her life, aiding in her wary to appeal to you as well. As a troubled soul now she seek me out, throughout the hazard to come and see you Romeo. Have you truly no emotion residing inside of you but the emotion of fair Juliet? Thou doesnt care that Rosaline left Verona to come and meet with you? Thou are truly dark? Sworn to chastity, poor Romeo is depressed an ignorant to see the feelings of one Capulet that defied all in seeing you?ROMEO Thou has not wanted me until thou seen me with Juliet Thou are selfish in her desire to try and discriminate me As her cousin, you should be thoroughly ashamed of yourself ROSALINE I have no such desire You have desire to still be with I You still want I As you refute and cut across it, you cannot forget about me as you claim you have I will never be erased from your judgement ROMEO What did you plan to do, beautiful Rosaline, when you came here? Woe me back into my love for you like a foolish boor who has nothing else to do? Because I will not slip into a fatal trapI have undying love for JulietJuliet ROSELINE I didnt come to woe you of anything Romeo and as we speak, I myself am risking banishment and exile from Verona and from my kin I wanted to admit to you ROMEO Admit what? What is there to admit? You have nothing viable to say Youre risking everything for nothing Arent you? ROSALINE Risking everything for nothing is not how I felt, dear Romeo. I felt a different way. I felt I had to tell you how I felt, if you long to hear it. Romeo looks at Rosaline and as he is about to open his mouth, curtain close

Creating value

When it comes to the house finance sector in India, one name stands out distinctively stage a merchandise loss leader and an innovator. We deal consistently revised the benchmarks of lodgement finance products and services. Being a pioneer and leader in a nascent market has not stopped us from aspiring for challenging goals. The humans Bank considers us a model private sector living accommodations finance company in developing countries. We provide consultancy services and technical assistance for ewe and existing institutions.Our executives undertake consultancy assignments related to house finance and urban development directly or on behalf of international agencies worldwide. We also share our expertise through with(predicate) Training coder at our own Training Centre in bring, India or at the clients location. Delegates from several(prenominal) countries have benefited from participating in these programmer. A senior executive of detail was the former President of the foreign Union for hold finance (UHF), which is a non-profit trade association, with members from 60 countries worldwide.The objective of JIFF is to make housing reliance affordable and more available around the world. On the domestic front, our executives help formulate national housing policies and strategies. In fact, we have been invited by the Government of India to Join a number of committees and task forces related to housing finance, urban development and capital markets a task that we are proud to be part of. HEAD Centre for living accommodations Finance Our dressing facility, Centre for living accommodations Finance (CHEF), is located 120 SMS from Iambi, in the tranquil environs of Loan, a hill station, 2,000 feet above sea level.Some of the key features of our Centre are progressive technology in the training rooms Syndicate rooms for group work Well-equipped library residential accommodation that provides comfort and relaxation Dining facilities abideing a va riety of cuisine Indoor and outdoorsy recreation facilities Technical Assistance (TA) The objective of the TA is to offer peculiar(prenominal) deliverables and support the Client in all aspects relating to mortgage finance operations which include loan origination and recoveries, marketing and distribution strategies, explanation and management information systems, resource manipulation and information technology support. Who would review and advise the Client on products, systems and procedures, including developing new products and designing marketing strategies. These experts would visit the Client and work closely with its officials to understand the away environment in which the Client functions and thereafter make recommendations visa-avis strategies, products, policies, systems and procedures. Our be makes the difference Training Programmer Our training programmer are specially designed to be a blend of learning and practical experience. We offer a variety of training co urses for senior and middlemen management executives and line staff.Some key programmer offered are Housing Finance Management Loan Origination and recognition Risk Management Managing Customer Service in Financial Organizations Building High Performance Teams Resource Manipulation Issues in Managing and Marketing Training The Trainers A Multi Dimensional Workshop We also custom- design programmer based on organizational needs. Training specific Current Programmer Housing Finance Management 2010 (HEM-2010) November 28 December 5, 2010 at CHEF, Loan, India. The week commodious residential programmer on Housing Finance Management encompasses all the prime functions of a specialised Housing Finance Institution. Through specialized modules, the programmer will focus on various housing finance systems and best practices, credit evaluation, emphasis on customer needs, product development, marketing, managing competition and distribution channels, impressive internal control systems and mechanisms, resource manipulation and risk management systems.In addition, a field visit to an HEAD office will also give participants a practical perspective of the housing finance business. HEM-2010 Programmer OutlineDay 1 Sunday, November 28, 2010 w Assembling BondingDay 2 Monday, November 29, 2010 w Introduction to the programmer w Overview of Housing Finance Systems w Loan Origination and Assessment of RiskDay 3 Tuesday, November 30, 2010 w Product Development, Marketing and Distribution conduct w Legal and Technical Appraisal w Developer/Builder Relationships and ProductsDay 4 Wednesday, December 01 , 2010 w Loan Accounting Practices Systems and Controls w Credit Risk Management w Process Development for Efficient Credit Risk ManagementDay 5 Thursday, December 02, 2010 w Day visit to an HEAD officeDay 6 Friday, December 03, 2010 w Corporate Functions Management Information Systems w Business Strategy and Budgeting w Managing Service Delivery ProcessesDay 7 Saturday, December 04, 2010 w Resource Manipulation w Risk Management Systems and Development of Secondary mortgage Markets w Open House SessionDay 8 Sunday, December 05, 2010 w Departure from CHEF, Loan v sketch to change Fees US $ 3,000* for first participant. US $ 2,750* from second participant onwards accommodation, refreshments during breaks, meals, training costs, course hooey and to and fro airport transfer. Note Accommodation will be on a double occupancy basis. For individual(a) occupancy** an additional amount of IIS$ 750 plus service tax 10. 30% will be charged. ** sphere to availability What our participants said Feedback from Housing Finance Management Programmer The classroom experience was invaluable in opening up all aspects of Housing Finance Management.I have taken with me many insights that I doom to apply to what I hope will be a long career in Housing Finance. The free flow of ideas from participants representing 1 5 countries and 17 organizations also added immensel y to he richness of the programmer. Cynthia Kanata, Housing Finance, Kenya (WFM 2007) It was a very wonderful experience at the HEAD Training Centre, where there was an optimal junto of knowledge gaining, sharing of experiences and recreational activities all in the perfect environment. The content of the programmer was so procreative and have surely added value to our products and services, not forgetting the delicious meals and accommodation.Jackson Alfred Aloha Zinnia Bank Ltd, Tanzania (WFM 2008) I have attended similar programmer where the tuition cost is more than he entire programmer at WFM but in many cases those programmer were a mere rehearsal of academic notes of the Presenter. WFM 2008 was different in content and methodology it was very practical in every respect and my reality on housing finance has since changed positively. Joseph Alphorns Tutor Jacobean, Loom Togo (WFM 2008) It was a great pleasure to visit India for the first time an experience Ill never forget. The programmer was successful. We shared our experience, knowledge and ideas with each other. Mar Beheaded Egypt Housing Finance ships company Egypt (WFM 2009) My experience exceeded my expectations.I am really touched by the level of knowledge, passion, commitment and insight of the people at HEAD, and the opportunity to share experience with other participants. Islam Nominal PIED of Bangladesh Ltd. Bangladesh (WFM 2009) The course was an eye opener in terms of mortgage lending. It gave me a broader understanding of the various aspects of housing finance. Interacting and learning from various participants showed me that we all had a similar goal/objective that is providing shelter to everyone. Margaret Musher Zambia National Building Society Zambia (WFM 2009) The training was an experience of a life time. I learnt a lot during my interaction with the experts and participants from different countries. Apart from that the network of friends that I make will be cherished for life tim e.

Healthy Fast Food Chain Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12000 words - 1

Healthy Fast Food Chain - Dissertation ExampleThe dissolve to this question lies in the correct assignment of the consumer behaviors along with their existing and future preferences along with the changing trends in the market. The consumer behavior is the concept refers to dealing with the demand for the consumption of any product or services. In other words, the consumer behavior is the patterns that individuals follow while making purchase decisions. The study of behaviors is also referred to as the social science, which plays wizard of the most important but complicated roles in designing the business strategy or growing a brand. The reason is that the behaviors of individuals be seasonal. Moreover, the behaviors can change at any point in condemnation depending on the circumstances. This implies that for a successful business start-up and identification of most suitable business strategy, reading the minds of the cigarette market or expected consumers is important. The p henomenon of dealing with the complications of consumer behavior is important in almost all kinds of business. The vastness is even higher in case of the food business. The research work is based on the identification of brand development strategy of a healthy lush food chain. The key determining elements which are studied in this research work for the establishment of the fast food brand are the marketing trends and the consumer behavior.To identify the most successful branding strategy that can help the new entrants in the fast food business to establish healthy fast food chain. Moreover, the research work also served the purport of guiding the entrepreneurs regarding how to identify the marketing and consumer behaviors along with the strategies of dealing with these complications

His of Islamic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

His of Moslem - Essay ExampleEuropeans did not manage to introduce Christianity in Moslem world since Islam as a religion had taken root and it was not easy to replace it with another religion. In the three pulverisation empires, the Europeans managed to create a relationship, which helped them to practice trade. Yes, they were able to resist the western ethnical, political, and economic domination because they had established their iodine culture and political class, which united them.ii. How did the patterns of trade in the Islamic world change between 1400 and 1700? why? What were the consequences of the change in trade for the five groups of Islamic societies that we have discussed?There was emergence of new art partners where commodities from Islamic world were sold in European markets in exchange European goods were sold in Islamic world. For instance, gunpowder produced in Islamic world sold in Spain and Britain. In turn, the trading patterns guide to new global economy w hereby other countries such as the Americas became involved in trade, which improved transport, and dialogue systems in countries involved in trade since goods were to be transported to market either by road or by sea.iii. Compare and contrast the societies in each of the following Islamic groupings The North Africa, The Middle eastmost/Europe, South Asia (including India), Central Asia, and the Indian Ocean Basin. How were their political, social, economic, religious, and cultural institutions organized? How did these societies differ from each other?Islamic grouping of North Africa are mainly Sufi or Sunni. However, Islam in North Africa is dynamic since it has been influenced by prevalent political, economic, and social conditions. Despite this, Islamic societies in North Africa conform to the belief system and cultural contexts of the continents own teachings. The Middle East or Europe

Project Management- Group Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Project Management- Group Report - act ExampleThey be initiating planning executing monitoring and controlling and closure (PMI 2008). Together these process groups save 42 activities that are required of the project manager (PMI 2008). PMI (2008) indicates that they includeThe initiation process group performs a number of functions. These include defining the project why the project was initiated and the benefits to be derived from its performance. It also involves getting the indispensable authorisation to begin project activities.The planning process involves establishing the cranial orbit, refining the objectives and defining the action to be taken to attain the stated objectives. The scope indicates the work that needs to be done, the deliverables and the results that will be achieved as a result of carrying out the project (Schwalbe 2009). Here is where the different aspects of the project management plan are true and integrated. In managing the scope of the project the work breakdown structure (WBS) is created. The WBS is a useful mode that is used to identify the scope of the project. It uses a hierarchical tree structure to break down the scope into planned outcomes (Blokdijk 2007). This process also takes into consideration the procurement of material in which case the process of obtaining the contemplate and other tools necessary for painting will be dealt with. A risk management plan is ordinarily done where qualitative risk analysis is done to identify risks. They are quantified and the responses to counter them are planned. A very important aspect of planning is the management of communication. It is critical to the planning and execution phases. It is important that whatsoever changes to the plan are communicated to all stakeholders. Other important plans that forms part of the project management plan are the budget, quality and human resource plan. A budget has to be done to ensure that the

Microbial Biofilms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

microbic Biofilms - Essay ExampleThe continuous culture systems chemostat and turbidostat could similarly be used to culture the biofilms. The type of environs they are grown in, effects their ultimate morphological, clustering and adhesion character.For Visualization, traditionally negatron microscopy was the method of excerption to examine microbial biofilms under high resolution. Unfortunately, sample preparation for electron microscopy results in dehydrated samples. Consequently, this burn down provided a deceivingly simplistic view of biofilms, since the biofilm collapsed when water was removed. (Davey and Ootle, 2000) Phase microscopy was also an alternative to visualization of lively biofilms. Biofilms are removed and either directly visualised or fixed and stained prior to examination. some(prenominal) techniques for microscopy examination of biofilms in situ on the substrata supporting their growth have been used in this study. These have include transmission electro n microscopy (TEM), see electron microscopy (SEM), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), episcopic differential interference dividing line microscopy (DIC) with and without fluorescence, Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy (HMC), atomic force microscopy (AFM). ... Light microscopy techniques, although unable to reproduce the high magnification of the methods depict above, are still of importance in the examination of intact biofilms. HMC allows the in situ examination of biofilms, a set down image is produced without artefacts. DIC may be used to examine biofilms on opaque surfaces and if used in corporation with fluorescent vital stains can be used to assess the viability of the microbial population. (Surman et al, 1996) Viability of the microbial biofilm populations can also be determined by LIVE/DEAD BacLight bacterial viability staining kit (Hentzer 2001)The application of confocal scanning laser microscopes (CSLM) to biofilm research radically altered our p erception of biofilm structure and function (Laurence 1991). Before the use of CSLM, electron microscopy was the method of choice to examine microbial biofilms under high resolution. Unfortunately, sample preparation for electron microscopy results in dehydratedsamples. Consequently, this approach provided a deceivingly simplistic view of biofilms, since the biofilm collapsed when water was removed. On the other hand, CSLM, which allows the visualization of fully hydrated samples, has revealed the elaborate three-dimensional structure of biofilms (Costerton 1995). CSLM is used actually effectively to monitor microbial Biofilms. It is used to investigate not only the presence and the viability of the biofilm consortium but also biofilm/substrata interactions. CSLM has been used very effectively to monitor biofilm development in flow cells. Flow cells are small continuous-flow systems with a showing port that allows direct observation of the biofilm without disrupting the community . These systems are often once-flow, meaning that fresh medium